Samosa

A samosa (/səˈmoʊsə/) or singara is a fried or baked pastry with a savory filling, including ingredients such as spiced potatoes, onions, and peas. It may take different forms, including triangular, cone, or half-moon shapes, depending on the region.[2][3][4] Samosas are often accompanied by chutney, and have origins in medieval times or earlier.[2] Samosas are a popular entrée, appetizer, or snack in the cuisines of South Asia, the Middle East, Central Asia, East Africa and their diasporas.

Not to be confused with Samoa, samsa, mimosa, or gamosa.

Samosa(s)
Samosas with chutney and green chilies in West Bengal, India.
Alternative namesSambusa, samusa,[1] Siṅgaṛā/Siṅāṛā
TypeSavoury pastry
CourseEntrée, side dish, snack
Place of originCentral Asia
Region or stateSouth Asia, Middle East, East Africa, Central Asia, others
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsFlour, vegetables (e.g. potatoes, onions, peas, lentils), spices, chili peppers, mince and cheese.
Samosa in a frying pan in North India.

The English word samosa derives from Hindi word 'samosa' (Hindi: समोसा),[5] traceable to the Middle Persian word sanbosag (سنبوسگ)[6] 'triangular pastry'.[7] Similar pastries are called sambusak in Arabic; Medieval Arabic recipe books sometimes spell it sambusaj.[8] The spelling samoosa is used in South Africa.[9][10]

History
Persian manuscript Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi explaining how samosas should be cooked
Medieval Indian Persian manuscript Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi (c. 16th century) showing samosas being served

The samosa has a Central Asian origin.[11][12] The earliest mention of the samosa was by Abbasid-era poet Ishaq al-Mawsili, praising the sanbusaj. Recipes are found in 10th–13th-century Arab cookery books, under the names sanbusak, sanbusaq, and sanbusaj, all deriving from the Persian word sanbosag. In Iran, the dish was popular until the 16th century, but by the 20th century, its popularity was restricted to certain provinces (such as the sambusas of Larestan).[2] Abolfazl Beyhaqi (995–1077), an Iranian historian, mentioned it in his history, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi.[13]

The Central Asian samsa was introduced to the Indian subcontinent in the 13th or 14th century by chefs from the Middle East and Central Asia who cooked in the royal kitchens for the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.[14] Amir Khusro (1253–1325), a scholar and the royal poet of the Delhi Sultanate, wrote in around 1300 CE that the princes and nobles enjoyed the "samosa prepared from meat, ghee, onion, and so on".[15] Ibn Battuta, a 14th-century traveler and explorer, describes a meal at the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq, where the samushak or sambusak, a small pie stuffed with minced meat, almonds, pistachios, walnuts and spices, was served before the third course, of pulao.[16] Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi, a medieval Indian cookbook started for Ghiyath Shah, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate in central India, mentions the art of making samosa.[17] The Ain-i-Akbari, a 16th-century Mughal document, mentions the recipe for qottab, which it says, "the people of Hindustan call sanbúsah".[18]

Regional varieties

India

The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili.[19][20] A samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian, depending on the filling. The entire pastry is deep-fried in vegetable oil or rarely ghee to a golden brown. It is served hot, often with fresh green chutney, such as mint, coriander, or tamarind. It can also be prepared in a sweet form. Samosas are often served in chaat, along with the traditional accompaniments of either a chickpea or a white pea preparation, served with yogurt, tamarind paste and green chutney, garnished with chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala.

In the Indian states of Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand, singaras or singras (চিংৰা)[21] (the East Indian version of samosas) are popular snacks found almost everywhere. They are a bit smaller than in other parts of India, with a filling consisting chiefly of cooked diced potato, peanuts, and sometimes raisins.[19] Shingras are wrapped in a thin sheet of dough (made of all purpose flour) and fried. Good shingras are distinguished by flaky textures akin to that of a savory pie crust.

Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in chaat, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala. Singaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali singaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either singaras or their Indian samosa cousins. Singara filled with cauliflower mixture is a popular variation. Non-vegetarian varieties of singaras are mutton singaras and fish singaras.There are also sweeter versions, such as coconut singara, as well as others filled with khoya and dipped in sugar syrup.

In the city of Hyderabad, India, a smaller version of samosa with a thicker pastry crust and mince-meat filling, referred to as lukhmi,[19] is consumed, as is another variation with an onion filling.

In the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, samosas are slightly different, being folded differently, more like Portuguese chamuças, with a different style of pastry. The filling also differs, typically featuring mashed potatoes with spices, fried onions, peas, carrots, cabbage, curry leaves, and green chilis, and is mostly eaten without chutney. Samosas in South India are made in different sizes, whose fillings are influenced by local food habits, and may include meat.

  • Samosas before being fried, at a sweet shop in Kolkata.
  • Samosas in India
  • Samosa with sauce available at Indian coffee houses in Kerala
  • Vegetable samosa
  • Vegetable samosa

Bangladesh
Bangladeshi samosas, snack food

Both flat-shaped (triangular) and full-shaped (tetrahedron/triangular pyramid) samosas are popular snacks in Bangladesh. A Bengali version of the full-shaped samosa is called a সিঙাড়া (shingara) and is normally smaller than the standard variety. The shingara is usually filled with pieced potatoes, vegetables, nuts, etc. However, shingaras filled with beef liver are very popular in some parts of the country. The flat-shaped samosa is called a somosa or somucha, and is usually filled with onions and minced meat.

Nepal

Samosas are called singadas in the eastern zone of Nepal; the rest of the country calls it samosa. As in India, it is a very popular snack in Nepalese cuisine. Vendors sell the dish in various markets and restaurants.

Pakistan

Samosas of various types are available throughout Pakistan. In general, most samosa varieties sold in the southern Sindh province and in the eastern Punjab, especially the city of Lahore, are spicier and mostly contain vegetable or potato-based fillings. However, the samosas sold in the west and north of the country mostly contain minced meat-based fillings and are comparatively less spicy. The meat samosa contains minced meat (lamb, beef, or chicken) and are very popular as snack food in Pakistan.

In Pakistan, samosas of Karachi are famous for their spicy flavour, whereas samosas from Faisalabad are noted for being unusually large. Another distinct variety of samosa, available in Karachi, is called kaghazi samosa (Urdu: کاغذی سموسہ; "paper samosa" in English) due to its thin and crispy covering, which resembles a wonton or spring roll wrapper. Another variant, popular in Punjab, consists of samosas with side dishes of mashed spiced chickpeas, onions, and coriander leaf salad, as well as various chutneys to top the samosas. The samosas are a fried or baked pastry with a savory filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, lentils, and minced meat (lamb, beef or chicken). Sweet samosas are also sold in the cities of Pakistan including Peshawar; these sweet samosas contain no filling and are dipped in thick sugar syrup.

Another Pakistani snack food, which is popular in Punjab, is known as "samosa chaat". This is a combination of a crumbled samosa, along with spiced chickpeas (channa chaat), yogurt, and chutneys. Alternatively, the samosa can be eaten on its own with a side of chutney.

In Pakistan, samosas are a staple Iftar food for many Pakistani families, during the month of Ramzan.

Maldives

The types and varieties of samosa made in Maldivian cuisine are known as bajiyaa. They are filled with a mixture including fish or tuna and onions.[22]

Ethiopia

The variety of samosa made in Ethiopian cuisine is known as "sambusa" or "lentil sambusa" (Amharic: የምሥር ሳምቡሳ) and is filled with lentils. Due to it being vegan, it's often consumed during Ethiopian Orthodox fasts.

Similar snacks

Similar snacks and variants of samosas are found in many other countries. They are derived either from the South Asian somasa or are derived from the medieval precursor that originated in the Middle East.

Tajikistan

Sambusa baraki are meat-filled pastries, usually triangle-shaped, in Tajik cuisine. The filling can be made with ground beef (or the more traditional mutton mixed with tail fat) and then onions, spices, cumin seeds and other seasonings before being baked in a tandyr.[23]

Burma
Burmese-style samusa are flat and triangular, and usually smaller than their Indian counterparts.

Samosas are called samuza (စမူဆာ) in Burmese, and are an extremely popular street snack in Burma. Samosas are also used in a traditional Burmese salad, called samuza thoke (စမူဆာသုပ်‌; lit. 'samosa salad'), a salad of cut samosa pieces with onions, cabbage, fresh mint, light potato and chickpea curry broth, masala, chili powder, salt and lime.[24]

Indonesia
Indonesian-style samosa identified as kue kering.

In Indonesia, samosas are locally known as samosa, filled with potato, cheese, curry, rousong or noodles as adapted to local taste. It usually served as snack with sambal. Samosa is almost similar to Indonesian pastel, panada and epok-epok.

East Africa

Samosas are also a key part of Swahili food often seen in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda.

Horn of Africa
Somali Sambuus being deep-fried

Samosas are a staple of local cuisine in the Horn of Africa countries of Djibouti, Somalia and Somaliland, where they are known as sambuus. Also made in Ethiopia and Eritrea where the "sambusa" is usually made from lentils and blended with traditional spices. They are traditionally made with a thinner pastry dough, similar to egg roll, and stuffed with ground beef. While they can be eaten at any time of the year, they are usually reserved for special occasions.

South Africa

Called samoosas in South Africa,[9][10] they tend to be smaller than Indian variants,[25] and form part of South African Indian and Cape Malay cuisine.

West Africa

Samosas also exist in West African countries such as Ghana and Nigeria where they are a common street food. In Nigeria, it is usually served in parties along with chicken or beef, puff puff, Spring roll and plantain and it is called small chops.

Mascarenes

Samosas, locally called Samoussas are also a very popular snack on Réunion and Mauritius as both countries have faced huge waves of labor immigration from the Indian subcontinent. The samosas there are generally smaller and filled with chicken, cheese, crabs or potatoes. There are however also varieties such as chocolate and banana or pizza. [26]

Arab countries
Sambousek

Sambousek (Arabic: سمبوسك) are usually filled with either meat, onion, and pine nuts, or cheese. They are widely consumed in the holy month of Ramadan.

Iran
Sambuseh at a bazar in Ahvaz, Iran

Sambuseh (Persian: سمبوسه) can be found only in a very few areas in modern Iran--the original home of this meal. However, in the form of qottab---filled with ground nuts (usually, walnuts), sugar, fragrant herbs or spices, and likewise fried in oil, is used as a confectionary and quite commonly. When meat is used, it is no longer called qottab, but made spicy (contrary to nearly all other Persian culinary products). This last is all that remains of the old "sanbusag" in its ancient homeland.

Israel
Israeli sambusak filled with cheese and pesto

In Israel, a sambusaq (Hebrew: סמבוסק) may be a semicircular pocket of dough filled with mashed chickpeas, fried onions, and spices. Another variety is filled with meat, fried onions, parsley, spices, and pine nuts, which is sometimes mixed with mashed chickpeas and breakfast version with feta or tzfat cheese and za'atar. Other common fillings are potato and "pizza", which is somewhat similar to Calzone. It is associated with Mizrahi Jewish cuisine, and various recipes have been brought to Israel by Jewish migrants from other countries in the Middle East and Africa.[27] According to food historian Gil Marks, sambusak has been a traditional part of the Sephardic Sabbath meal since the 13th century in Spain.[28]

Portuguese-speaking regions

In Goa (India) and Portugal, samosas are known as chamuças. They are usually filled with chicken, beef, pork, lamb or vegetables, and generally served quite hot. Samosas are an integral part of Goan and Portuguese cuisine, where they are a common snack.

A samosa-inspired snack is also very common in Brazil, and relatively common in several former Portuguese colonies in Africa, including Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique, where they are more commonly known as pastéis (in Brazil) or empadas (in Portuguese Africa; in Brazilian Portuguese, empada refers to a completely different snack, more like a two-crust pie, always baked, small in size, and in the form of an inverse pudding).

  • Goan chamuças
  • Portuguese chamuças in a café in Ponta Delgada
  • Angolan chamuças

English-speaking regions

Samosas are popular in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Uganda, South Africa, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania, and are also growing in popularity in Canada,[29][30] and the United States. They may be called samboosa or sambusac, but in South Africa, they are often called samoosa.[31] Frozen samosas are increasingly available from grocery stores in Australia, Canada, the United States,[32] and the United Kingdom, where they are also frequently sold fresh by local Indian and Pakistani street market vendors.

Variations using filo,[33] or flour tortillas[34] are sometimes found.

Al-Shabaab's samosa ban

Al-Shabaab, the extremist group controlling parts of Somalia, banned samosas in 2011. One reason was said to be the triangular shape which could represent the Christian holy trinity. Another stated reason was the possible use of rotten meat in the filling.[35]

See also
  • Samsa – Savoury pie
  • Aloo pie
  • Bourekas – Filled pastry in Sephardic Jewish cuisine
  • Chebureki – Crimean Tatar deep-fried turnover
  • Cornish pasty
  • Curry puff – Pastry with curry filling
  • Fatayer – Arab cuisine
  • Jiaozi – Chinese dumplings
  • List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent
  • List of stuffed dishes
  • Lukhmi – Typical mince savoury or starter of the cuisine of Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Momo – Type of East and South Asian momo
  • Pastel (food) – Name given to different typical sugary dishes of many countries of Hispanic or Portuguese origin
  • Turnover – Pastry with a filling on a single piece of dough which has been folded over and sealed
  • Uchpuchmak
  • Vada pav – Indian fast food item

References
  1. "samosa". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
  2. Davidson, Alan (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
  3. Arnold P. Kaminsky; Roger D. Long (23 September 2011). Middle East Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  4. Reza, Sa’adia (18 January 2015). "Food's Holy Triangle". Dawn. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  5. "Samosa".
  6. Lovely triangles Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times, 23 August 2008.
  7. Nişanyan - Türkçe Etimolojik Sözlük: Samsa. accessed: 26 April 2021.
  8. Rodinson, Maxime, Arthur Arberry, and Charles Perry. Medieval Arab cookery. Prospect Books (UK), 2001. p. 72.
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  10. "Samoosa (Samosa) | Indian Fusion South Africa". 11 September 2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  11. Indigenous Culture, Education and Globalization: Critical Perspectives from Asia, Springer, 23 October 2015, p. 130, ISBN 9783662481592, archived from the original on 6 January 2019, retrieved 5 January 2019
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  13. Beyhaqi, Abolfazl, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi, p. 132.
  14. "TBI Food Secrets: Unravelling the Fascinating History of the Samosa, India's Favourite Street Snack". The Better India. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  15. Savoury temptations Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Tribune, 5 September 2005.
  16. Regal Repasts Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Jiggs Kalra and Dr Pushpesh Pant, India Today Plus, March 1999.
  17. M Bloom, Jonathan (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture Vol 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  18. Recipes for Dishes Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ain-i-Akbari, by Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak. English tr. by Heinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, 1873–1907. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, Volume I, Chapter 24, page 59. "10. Quṭáb, which the people of Hindústán call sanbúsah. This is made several ways. 10 s. meat; 4 s. flour; 2 s. g'hí; 1 s. onions; ¼ s. fresh ginger; ½ s. salt; 2 d. pepper and coriander seed; cardamum, cumin seed, cloves, 1 d. of each; ¼ s. of summáq. This can be cooked in 20 different ways, and gives four full dishes".
  19. Pal, Sanchari (4 January 2017). "TBI Food Secrets: Unravelling the Fascinating History of the Samosa, India's Favourite Street Snack". The Better India. Retrieved 1 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  21. "চিংৰা". Xobdo.org. Retrieved 23 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. Xavier Romero-Frias, Eating on the Islands Archived 28 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, pages 69-91 ISSN 1012-9804
  23. "Sambusa baraki". Taste Atlas.
  24. "စမူဆာသုပ်‌". WE (in Burmese). Retrieved 9 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  31. South African English is lekker! Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  32. Trader Joe's Fearless Flyer: Mini Vegetable Samosas Archived 12 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  33. Fennel-Scented Spinach and Potato Samosas Archived 30 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  34. Potato Samosas Archived 18 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  35. Samosas Banned: Islamist Group Calls The Pastry 'Offensive', Huffington Post, 07/29/2011
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