Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau (/ˌɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ (listen) GHIN-ee biss-OW; Portuguese: Guiné-Bissau; Fula: 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, romanized: Gine-Bisaawo; Mandinka: ߖߌߣߍ ߺ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ Gine-Bisawo), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,726,000. It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east.[10]

Not to be confused with Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Western New Guinea, or Equatorial Guinea.

Republic of Guinea-Bissau
República da Guiné-Bissau (Portuguese)
Flag
Emblem
Motto: 
Unidade, Luta, Progresso
"Unity, Struggle, Progress"
Anthem: 
Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada
"This is Our Beloved Homeland"
Location of Guinea-Bissau (dark blue)

– in Africa (light blue & dark grey)
– in the African Union (light blue)

Capital
and largest city
Bissau
11°52′N 15°36′W
Official languagesPortuguese
Spoken languages
List:
  • Guinea-Bissau Creole
  • English
  • French
  • Arabic
  • Balanta
  • Hassaniya Arabic
  • Jola-Fonyi
  • Mandinka
  • Mandjak
  • Mankanya
  • Noon
  • Pulaar
  • Serer
  • Soninke
Ethnic groups
(2015)[1]
  • 30% Balanta
  • 30% Fula
  • 14% Manjak
  • 13% Mandinka
  • 7% Papel
  • 6% Unspecified
Religion
(2020)[2][3][4]
Demonym(s)Bissau-Guinean[5]
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Umaro Sissoco Embaló
• Prime Minister
Nuno Gomes Nabiam
LegislatureNational People's Assembly
Independence from Portugal
• Declared
24 September 1973
• Recognized
10 September 1974
• Independence
5 July 1975
Area
• Total
36,125 km2 (13,948 sq mi) (134th)
• Water (%)
22.4
Population
• 2022 estimate
2,026,778[6] (150th)
• Density
46.9/km2 (121.5/sq mi) (154th)
GDP (PPP)2018 estimate
• Total
$3.8 billion[7]
• Per capita
$1,951[7]
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$1.480 billion[7]
• Per capita
$851[7]
Gini (2010) 50.7[8]
high
HDI (2019) 0.480[9]
low · 175th
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+245
ISO 3166 codeGW
Internet TLD.gw

Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu,[11] as well as part of the Mali Empire.[11] Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea.[11] Portuguese control was restricted and weak until the early 20th century with the pacification campaigns, these campaigns solidified Portuguese sovereignty in the area. The final Portuguese victory over the remaining bastion of mainland resistance, the Papel ruled Kingdom of Bissau in 1915 by the Portuguese military office Teixeira Pinto, and recruited Wolof mercenary Abdul injai was the event to solidify mainland control[12]. The Bissagos, Islands off the coast of Guinea Bissau were officially conquered in 1936, ensuring Portuguese control of both the mainland and islands off of the region[13]. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and only one elected president (José Mário Vaz) has successfully served a full five-year term.[14] The current president is Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who was elected on 29 December 2019.[15]

Only about 2% of the population speaks Portuguese, the official language, as a first language, and 33% speak it as a second language. However, Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole, is the national language and also considered the language of unity. According to a 2012 study, 54% of the population speak Creole as a first language and about 40% speak it as a second language.[16] The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The nation is home to numerous followers of Islam, Christianity and traditional faiths, though no single religious group represents a majority of the population.[17][18] The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world.

Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, and was a member of the now-defunct Latin Union.

History

Archeology has insufficiently explained the Guinea-Bissau pre-history. In 1000 AD, there were hunter-gatherers in the area, hundreds of thousands of years after they traversed the rest of Africa. This was shortly followed, in the archaeological record, by agriculturists using iron tools.[19]

Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, part of the Mali Empire in the 16th century.[20] Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire.[21] Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast,[22] as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere.[23][22]

Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse,[24] and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.[25]

Flag of the Portuguese Company of Guinea

Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior.[22] They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place.[26] African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the ports of Bissau[22] and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.[26]

For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama.[27] But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory.[22]

An armed rebellion, begun in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral[22] gradually consolidated its hold on the then Portuguese Guinea.[28] Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries.[29] Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians.[30] The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.[31]

Independence (1973)
PAIGC forces raise the flag of Guinea-Bissau in 1974.

Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973, which is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day, a public holiday.[32] Recognition became universal following 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.[33] Nicolae Ceaușescu's Romania was the first country to formally recognise Guinea-Bissau and the first to sign agreements with the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde.[34][35]

That same time upon independence, Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada, the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau, was shared alongside Cape Verde, which later adopted its own official national anthem Cântico da Liberdade in 1996, separating it.

Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first president of Guinea-Bissau.[22] Independence had begun under the best of auspices. The Bissau-Guinean diaspora had returned to the country en masse. A system of access to school for all had been created. Books were free and schools seemed to have a sufficient number of teachers. The education of girls, previously neglected, was encouraged and a new school calendar, more adapted to the rural world, was adopted. In 1980, economic conditions deteriorated significantly, leading to general discontent with the government in power. On November 14, 1980, João Bernardo Vieira, known as "Nino Vieira," overthrew President Luís Cabral. The constitution was suspended and a nine-member military council of the revolution, chaired by Vieira, was established. Since then, the country has moved toward a liberal economy. Budget cuts have been made at the expense of the social sector and education.[36]

The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999.[37] Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president.[38]

In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems".[39] After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny in October 2004 over pay arrears resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces.[40]

From Vieira years to present

In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a run-off election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau.[41]

Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning", including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized".[42]

Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008.[43] In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed.[44]

On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai, who had been killed in an explosion the day before.[45] Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace.[46] Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009.[47] It was won by Malam Bacai Sanhá of the PAIGC, against Kumba Ialá as the presidential candidate of the PRS.[48]

On 9 January 2012, President Sanhá died of complications from diabetes, and Pereira was again appointed as an interim president. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate.[49] Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.[50][51]

José Mário Vaz was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 2014 until 2019 presidential elections. At the end of his term, Vaz became the first elected president to complete his five-year mandate. He lost the 2019 election, however, to Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who took office in February 2020. Embaló is the first president to be elected without the backing of the PAIGC.[52][53]

On 1 February 2022, there was an attempted coup d'état to overthrow President Umaro Sissoco Embaló.[54][55][56] On 2 February 2022, state radio announced that four assailants and two members of the presidential guard had been killed in the incident.[57] The African Union and ECOWAS both condemned the coup.[58] Six days after the attempted coup d'état, on 7 February 2022, there was an attack on the building of Rádio Capital FM,[59] a radio station critical of the Bissau-Guinean government;[60] this was the second time the radio station suffered an attack of this nature in less than two years.[59] A journalist working for the station recalled, while wishing to stay anonymous, that one of their colleagues had recognized one of the cars carrying the attackers as belonging to the presidency.[60]

Politics
The Presidential Palace of Guinea-Bissau
Public Order Police officer during a parade in Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau is a republic.[61] In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991.[61] The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president had successfully served a full five-year term, until recently when Jose Mario Vaz ended his five-year term on 24 June 2019.[52]

At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appointed by the president; they serve at the pleasure of the president.[62]

The two main political parties are the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) and the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor parties.[63]

Foreign relations

Guinea-Bissau is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, and international organisation and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language.[64]

Military

A 2019 estimate put the size of the Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces at around 4,400 personnel and military spending is less than 2% of GDP .[65]

In 2018, Guinea-Bissau signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[66]

Administrative divisions
A clickable map of Guinea-Bissau exhibiting its eight regions and one autonomous sector.

Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions (regiões) and one autonomous sector (sector autónomo).[67] These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors.[68] The regions are:[68]

  1. Autonomous sector.

Geography
Rare salt water Hippopotamuses in Orango Island
Caravela, Bissagos Islands
Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east,[68] with the Atlantic Ocean to its west.[68] It lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is south of 11°), and longitudes 11° and 15°W.[69]

At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi),[68] the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium. The highest point is Monte Torin with an elevation of 262 metres (860 ft). Its terrain is mostly low coastal plains with swamps of the Guinean mangroves rising to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east.[70] Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the mainland.[71] The country is home to two ecoregions: Guinean forest-savanna mosaic and Guinean mangroves.[72]

Climate

Guinea-Bissau is warm all year round with mild temperature fluctuations; it averages 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in), although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. From December through April, the country experiences drought.[73]

Environmental problems

Severe environmental problems include deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, and overfishing.[70] Guinea-Bissau had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.7/10, ranking it 97th globally out of 172 countries.[74]

Economy
A proportional representation of Guinea-Bissau exports, 2019
Seat of the Central Bank of Guinea-Bissau
Petrol station in São Domingos

Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line.[75] The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts, and ground nuts are its major exports.[76]

A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau (233 days or about 33 weeks) than in any other country in the world except Suriname.[77]

Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program.[78]

After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability.[79] The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability, despite a still-fragile political situation.[80]

Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighbouring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine.[81] The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state".[82] The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'état.[83] The government of Guinea-Bissau continues to be ravaged by illegal drug distribution, according to The Week magazine.[84] Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[85]

Society

Demographics
(Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1950 and 2020. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's population pyramid, 2005. In 2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15.[86]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[87][88], Guinea-Bissau's population was 2,060,721 in 2021, compared to 518,000 in 1950. The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3%, 55.4% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% were aged 65 years or older.[86]

Ethnic groups
Ethnic Groups in Guinea-Bissau[89]
Ethnic Groups percent
Fula
 
 28.5%
Balanta
 
 22.5%
Mandinka
 
 14.7%
Papel
 
 9.1%
Manjaca
 
 8.3%
Beafada
 
 3.5%
Mancanha
 
 3.1%
Bijagós
 
 2.1%
Felupe
 
 1.7%
Mansoanca
 
 1.4%
Balanta Mane
 
 1%
Nalu
 
 0.9%
Saracule
 
 0.5%
Sosso
 
 0.4%
Not Stated
 
 2.2%
Guinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups

The population of Guinea-Bissau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languages, customs, and social structures.[61]

Bissau-Guineans can be divided into the following ethnic groups:[61]

  • Fula and the Mandinka-speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast;[61]
  • Balanta and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions;[61] and
  • Manjaco and Mancanha, who occupy the central and northern coastal areas.[61]

Most of the remainder are mestiços of mixed Portuguese and African descent.[90][91]

Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Bissau-Guineans.[90] After Guinea-Bissau gained independence, most of the Portuguese nationals left the country. The country has a tiny Chinese population.[92] These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Cantonese ancestry from the former Asian Portuguese colony of Macau.[90]

Major cities

Main cities in Guinea-Bissau include:[93]

RankCityPopulation
2015 estimateRegion
1Bissau492,004Bissau
2Gabú48,670Gabú
3Bafatá37,985Bafatá
4Bissorã29,468Oio
5Bolama16,216Bolama
6Cacheu14,320Cacheu
7Bubaque12,922Bolama
8Catió11,498Tombali
9Mansôa9,198Oio
10Buba8,993Quinara

Languages
Languages in Guinea-Bissau[89]
Languages percent
Portuguese Creole
 
 90.4%
Portuguese
 
 32.1%
Fula
 
 16.0%
Balanta
 
 14.0%
French
 
 7.1%
Mandinka
 
 7.0%
Manjak
 
 5.0%
Papel
 
 3.0%
English
 
 2.9%
Felupe
 
 1.0%
Spanish
 
 0.5%
Russian
 
 0.1%
Other
 
 1.8%
Voter education posters in Kriol for Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2008, Biombo Region

Despite being a small country Guinea-Bissau has several ethnic groups which are very distinct from each other, with their own cultures and languages. This is due to Guinea-Bissau being a refugee and migration territory within Africa. Colonisation and racial intermixing brought Portuguese and the Portuguese creole known as Kriol or crioulo.[94]

Although the only official language of Guinea-Bissau since independence, Standard Portuguese is spoken mostly as a second language, with few native speakers and its use is often confined to the intellectual and political elites. It is the language of government and national communication as a legacy of colonial rule. Schooling from the primary to tertiary levels is conducted in Portuguese, although only 67% of children have access to any formal education. Data suggests that the number of Portuguese speakers ranges from 11 to 15%.[90] In the latest census (2009) 27.1% of the population claimed to speak non-creole Portuguese (46.3% of city dwellers and 14.7% of the rural population, respectively).[95] Portuguese creole is spoken by 44% of the population and is effectively the lingua franca among distinct groups for most of the population.[90] Creole's usage is still expanding, and it is understood by the vast majority of the population. However, decreolisation processes are occurring, due to undergoing interference from Standard Portuguese and the creole forms a continuum of varieties with the standard language, the most distant are basilects and the closer ones, acrolects. A post-creole continuum exists in Guinea-Bissau and crioulo 'leve' ('soft' creole) variety being closer to the Portuguese-language norm.[94]

The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), and Nalu (0.1%), which form the ethnic African languages spoken by the population.[94][96] Most Portuguese and Mestiços speakers also have one of the African languages and Kriol as additional languages. Ethnic African languages are not discouraged, in any situation, despite their lower prestige. These languages are the link between individuals of the same ethnic background and daily used in villages, between neighbours or friends, traditional and religious ceremonies, and also used in contact between the urban and rural populations. However, none of these languages are dominant in Guinea-Bissau.[94]

French is taught as a foreign language in schools, because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations.[90] Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie.[97]

Religion
Religion in Guinea-Bissau (CIA, 2020 est.)[98]>
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 46.1%
Folk religions
 
 30.6%
Christianity
 
 18.9%
Other/unaffiliated
 
 4.4%

There are different reports of religious demographics. The CIA World Factbook has a 2020 estimate of 46.1% Muslim, 30.6% folk religions, 18.9% Christian, 4.4% other or unaffiliated.[98] In 2010, a Pew Research survey found that the primary affiliation of the population is 45.1% Muslim and 19.7% Christian, with 30.9% Folk religion and 4.3 for other affiliations.[18][99] A 2015 Pew-Templeton study claims a different distribution in 2010, consisting of 45.1% Muslim, 30.9% folk religions, 19.7% Christians, and 4.3% unaffiliated.[100]

Men in Islamic garb, Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau

According to another Pew report, concerning religious identity among Muslims, it was determined that in Guinea-Bissau there is no prevailing sectarian identity. Under this same category were other Sub-Saharan countries like Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Nigeria and Cameroon. Other nations around the world claimed to be either predominantly Just Muslim, Mix of Sunni and Shia, or predominantly Sunni (pg. 30).[101] This Pew research also stated that countries in this specific study that declared to not have any clear dominant sectarian identity were mostly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa.[102] Another Pew report, The Future of World Religions, predicts that from 2010 to 2050 Islam will increase its percent of the population in Guinea-Bissau.[100]

In 2020, the ARDA projected most of the total population to be Muslim at 44.7%. It also estimated 41.2% of the population to be practitioners of Ethnic Religions and 13% to be Christians.[103]

Many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs.[70][104] Muslims dominate the north and east, while Christians dominate the south and coastal regions. The Roman Catholic Church claims most of the Christian community.[105]

The 2021 US Department of State Report on International Religious Freedom[106] mentions the fact that leaders of different religious communities believe that the existing communities are essentially tolerant, but express some concerns about rising religious fundamentalism in the country. An incident in July 2022, when a Catholic Church in the overwhelmingly Muslim region of Gabú was vandalised, raised concern amongst the Christian community that Islamic extremism might be infiltrating the country. However, there have been no further similar incidents, and no direct links to Islamic extremists have surfaced[107].

Education
Universidade Lusófona of Bissau (up). Students at Biblioteca Jovem, Bairro da Ajuda, in Guinea-Bissau. (down)

Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13.[108] Pre-school education for children between three and six years of age is optional and in its early stages. There are five levels of education: pre-school, elemental and complementary basic education, general and complementary secondary education, general secondary education, technical and professional teaching, and higher education (university and non-universities). Basic education is under reform, and now forms a single cycle, comprising 6 years of education. Secondary education is widely available and there are two cycles (7th to 9th classe and 10th to 11th classe). Professional education in public institutions is nonoperational, however private school offerings opened, including the Centro de Formação São João Bosco (since 2004) and the Centro de Formação Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (since 2011).[94]

Higher education is limited and most prefer to be educated abroad, with students preferring to enroll in Portugal.[94] A number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine that is maintained by Cuba and functions in different cities.

Child labor is very common.[109] The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%).[109]

Non-formal education is centered on community schools and the teaching of adults.[94] In 2011, the literacy rate was estimated at 55.3% (68.9% male, and 42.1% female).[110]

Conflicts

Usually, the many different ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, but when conflicts do erupt, they tend to revolve around access to land.[111]

Culture
Guinea-Bissau's second largest city, Gabú
Port of Bissau
Bridge in São Vicente, Cacheu
Hotels at Bissagos Islands
Carnival in Bissau
National singer Manecas Costa

Music

The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.[112]

The cabasa is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau,[113] and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies.[114]

The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions.[115] Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations, and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands.[116]

Cuisine

Common dishes include soups and stews. Common ingredients include yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato, and plantain. Spices, peppers, and chilis are used in cooking, including Aframomum melegueta seeds (Guinea pepper).[117]

Film

Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice).[118] Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988)[119] was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta,[120] which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.[121] Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.[122] The actress Babetida Sadjo was born in Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau.[123]

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Guinea-Bissau. The Guinea-Bissau national football team is controlled by the Federação de Futebol da Guiné-Bissau. They are a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA.

See also
  • Outline of Guinea-Bissau
  • Index of Guinea-Bissau-related articles

References
  1. "Africa :: GUINEA-BISSAU". CIA The World Factbook. 12 July 2022.
  2. "Guinea-Bissau". United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  3. "Religions in Guinea Bissau | PEW-GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  4. "Guinea-Bissau", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 22 September 2022, retrieved 8 October 2022
  5. "Guinea-Bissau" – Field Listing: Nationality. Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine The World Factbook 2013–14. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  6. "Guinea-Bissau". The World Factbook (2022 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  7. "Guinea-Bissau". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  8. "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  9. Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  10. "Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  11. "Guinea-Bissau - Country Profile - Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  12. Bowman, Joye L. (22 January 2009). "Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895-1919". Cambridge University Press. 27 (3): 463-479. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023276. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. Corbin, Amy; Tindall, Ashley. "Bijagós Archipelago". Sacred Land Film Project. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  14. "Guinea-Bissau – History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  15. "Guinea-Bissau: Swearing-in of new President unlikely to bring stability, says UN representative". UN News. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  16. Handem, Myrna (2015). Portuguese, Creole, or Both: The Problematic of Language Choice in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The Social, Political and Economic Implications of Language Choice (Ph. D. thesis). Howard University.
  17. "Africa: Guinea-Bissau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  18. "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa (Report). Pew Research Center. 15 April 2010.
  19. "Early history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  20. "Guinea-Bissau - Country Profile - Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  21. "Empire of Kaabu, West Africa". Access Gambia. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013..
  22. "HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU". www.historyworld.net. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  23. Gale Group. (2017). Guinea-Bissau. In M. S. Hill (Ed.), Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations (14th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 379-392). Gale.
  24. de la Fosse, Eustache (1992). Voyage d'Eustache Delafosse sur la côte de Guinée, au Portugal et en Espagne: 1479–1481. Paris: éditions Chandeigne. ISBN 978-2-906462-03-8. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  25. "Diogo Cão". win.tue.nl. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2006.
  26. US Department of State. "A Brief History of Guinea-Bissau – Part 1". African History at About.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  27. "British Library – Endangered Archive Programme (EAP)". inep-bissau.org. 18 March 1921. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  28. Cabral, Amilcar (1966). "The Weapon of Theory: Address delivered to the first Tricontinental Conference of the Peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America held in Havana in January, 1966". Marxists.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  29. "The PAIC Programme Appendix". Marxists.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  30. El Tahri, Jihan (2007). Cuba! Africa! Revolution!. BBC Television. Event occurs at 50:00–60:00. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
  31. Brittain, Victoria (17 January 2011). "Africa: a continent drenched in the blood of revolutionary heroes". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  32. Benzinho, Joana; Rosa, Marta (December 2015). Discovering Guinea-Bissau (PDF). NGO afectos com Letra. p. 29. ISBN 978-989-20-6315-7. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  33. "Embassy of The Republic of Guinea-Bissau – Country Profile". Diplomatic & Consular Yearbook Online. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  34. Ratiu, Ion; Rațiu, Ion (1975). Ion Rațiu, Foreign Affairs Publishing Company, 1975, Contemporary Romania: Her Place in World Affairs, p. 90. ISBN 9780900380167.
  35. "RFE/RL, 1979. Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 4, Issues 15-27". April 1979.
  36. Tobias Engel, A sina da instabilidade, biblioteca diplo
  37. Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Guinea Bissau: government, in depth, Negotiations, Veira's surrender and the end of the conflict Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, viewed 12 July 2013,
  38. Guinea-Bissau's Kumba Yala: from crisis to crisis Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Afrol.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  39. Smith, Brian (27 September 2003) "US and UN give tacit backing to Guinea Bissau coup" Archived 27 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Wsws.org, September 2003. Retrieved 22 June 2013
  40. "Armed forces chief killed as soldiers mutiny over pay arrears". The New Humanitarian. 7 October 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  41. GUINEA-BISSAU: Vieira officially declared president Archived 25 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. irinnews.org (10 August 2005).
  42. "Army man wins G Bissau election". BBC News. London. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  43. Guinea Bissau vote goes smooth amid hopes for stability. AFP via Google.com (16 November 2008). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  44. Balde, Assimo (24 November 2008). "Coup attempt fails in Guinea-Bissau". London: The Independent UK independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  45. "Soldiers kill fleeing President". Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). news.com.au (2 March 2009).
  46. Elections, Guinea-Bissau (27 May 2009). "On the Radio Waves in Guinea-Bissau". swisspeace. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  47. "Já foi escolhida a data para a realização das eleições presidenciais entecipadas". Bissaudigital.com. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  48. Dabo, Alberto (29 July 2009). "Sanha wins Guinea-Bissau presidential election". Reuters. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  49. "Tiny Guinea-Bissau becomes latest West African nation hit by coup". Bissau. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  50. Embalo, Allen Yero (14 April 2012). "Fears grow for members of toppled G.Bissau government". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  51. "Guinea-Bissau opposition vows to reach deal with junta | Radio Netherlands Worldwide". Rnw.nl. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  52. Tasamba, James (29 November 2019). "Guinea-Bissau's leader concedes election defeat". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  53. "Guinea-Bissau: Former PM Embalo wins presidential election". BBC news. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  54. "Fears of Guinea-Bissau coup attempt amid gunfire in capital". the Guardian. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  55. "Heavy gunfire heard near presidential palace in Guinea-Bissau". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  56. "Gunfire near government house in Guinea-Bissau". France 24. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  57. Dabo, Alberto (2 February 2022). "Six killed in failed coup in Guinea-Bissau". Reuters. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  58. "Guinea-Bissau president says 'many' dead after 'failed attack against democracy'". France 24. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  59. Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de. "Rádio Capital, na Guiné-Bissau, atacada por grupo de homens armados". Rádio Capital, na Guiné-Bissau, atacada por grupo de homens armados (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  60. "Guiné-Bissau vive 'clima de terror'". Jornal SOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  61. "Guinea-Bissau (09/03)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  62. Guinea-Bissau Supreme Court Archived 23 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Stj.pt. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  63. Guinea-Bissau Political Parties Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  64. "CPLP - Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa - Histórico - Como surgiu?". www.cplp.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  65. "Guinea-Bissau - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  66. "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
  67. "Administrative Map of Guinea-Bissau 1200 pixel - Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  68. "Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  69. "Coordinates of Guinea-Bissau". GeoDatos. 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  70. "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, CIA the World Factbook, Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  71. Nossiter, Adam (4 November 2009) "Bijagós, a Tranquil Haven in a Troubled Land", The New York Times, 8 November 2009
  72. Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  73. Guinea-Bissau Climate Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  74. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  75. World Bank profile Archived 11 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. World Bank.org (31 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  76. "Guinea-Bissau country profile". BBC News. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  77. The Economist (2007). Pocket World in Figures (2008 ed.). London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1861978448.
  78. Guinea-Bissau and the IMF Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Imf.org (13 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  79. CFA Franc and Guinea-Bissau Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Uemoa.int. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  80. "Guinea-Bissau". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2020.
  81. Guinea-Bissau:A narco-state? Archived 29 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Time. (29 October 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  82. Sullivan, Kevin (25 May 2008). "Route of Evil: How a tiny West African nation became a key smuggling hub for Colombian cocaine, and the price it is paying". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  83. "Guinea-Bissau drug trade 'rises since coup'". BBC News. London. 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  84. "Guinea-Bissau, Africa's most famous narco-state, goes to the polls". The Economist. 2 November 2019.
  85. "OHADA.com • The business law portal in Africa". OHADA.com (in French). Paul Bayzelon. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  86. "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision". Esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  87. "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  88. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  89. "Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  90. "History & Geography – GUINEA BISSAU REPUBLIC". Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  91. Berlin, Ira (1 April 1996). "From Creole to African". William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 266. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  92. China-Guinea-Bissau Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. China.org.cn. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  93. "Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  94. Barbosa, José (2015). Língua e desenvolvimento: O caso da Guiné-Bissau [Language and Development: The case of Guinea-Bissau] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Lisboa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  95. Mendes, Etoal (2018). Experiências de ensino bilíngue em Bubaque, Guiné-Bissau: línguas e saberes locais na educação escolar [Bilingual teaching experiences in Bubaque, Guinea-Bissau: languages and local knowledge in school education] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. hdl:10183/178453.
  96. "Crioulo, Upper Guinea". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  97. "Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's Official Website". Francophonie.org. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  98. "Guinea Bissau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  99. Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa (PDF) (Report). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. April 2010. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  100. "Religions in Guinea Bissau". Global Religious Futures. Pew-Templeton.
  101. The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. pp. 28–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012.
  102. The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012.
  103. "Guinea-Bissau: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050)". Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  104. "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
  105. Guinea-Bissau: Society & Culture Complete Report an All-Inclusive Profile Combining All of Our Society and Culture Reports (2nd ed.). Petaluma: World Trade Press. 2010. p. 7. ISBN 978-1607804666.
  106. "Guinea-Bissau". United States Department of State. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  107. dimasaryo (8 July 2022). "Catholics in Guinea-Bissau unsettled by vandalism of a church". ACN International. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  108. "Guinea-Bissau Education System". www.scholaro.com. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  109. "Guinea-Bissau". 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  110. "Field Listing :: Literacy". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  111. Armando Mussa Sani and Jasmina Barckhausen (23 June 2017). "Theatre sheds light on conflicts". D+C, development and cooperation. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  112. Lobeck, Katharina (21 May 2003) Manecas Costa Paraiso di Gumbe Review Archived 24 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  113. The Kora. Freewebs.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  114. Radio Africa: Guinea Bissau vinyl discography Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Radioafrica.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  115. "Radio Gumbe". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018.
  116. Music of Guinea-Bissau Archived 5 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  117. "Eat locally in Guinea Bissau". Slow Food International. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  118. "Nha Fala/My Voice". spot.pcc.edu. 2002. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013.
  119. Mortu Nega Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  120. Udju Azul di Yonta Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  121. "Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  122. Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  123. de Lamalle, Patrick (19 October 2018). "Babetida Sadjo, est-ce que vous l'avez vu ?". RTBF (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2019.

 This article incorporates public domain material from World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading
  • Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", In : Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, N°1, Avril 1998. – pp. 53–60
  • Forrest, Joshua B., Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003)
  • Galli, Rosemary E, Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society, (Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987)
  • Lobban Jr., Richard Andrew and Mendy, Peter Karibe, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997)
  • Vigh, Henrik, Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau, (Berghahn Books, 2006)

Government

Trade

News media

Tourism

Health

GIS information

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.