United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNHCR was created in 1950 to address the refugee crisis that resulted from World War II. The 1951 Refugee Convention established the scope and legal framework of the agency's work, which initially focused on Europeans uprooted by the war. Beginning in the late 1950s, displacement caused by other conflicts, from the Hungarian Uprising to the decolonization of Africa and Asia, broadened the scope of UNHCR's operations. Commensurate with the 1967 Protocol to the Refugee Convention, which expanded the geographic and temporal scope of refugee assistance, UNHCR operated across the world, with the bulk of its activities in developing countries.[2] By its 65th anniversary in 2015, the agency had assisted more 50 million refugees worldwide.

As of June 2020, UNHCR has over 20 million refugees under its mandate.[3] Consequently, its annual budget has grown from US$300,000 in 1951 to US$8.6 billion in 2019, making it one of the largest UN agencies by expenditure.[3][4] The vast majority of UNHCR's budget comes from voluntary contributions, mostly from member states; the largest donors are the United States, the European Union, and Germany.[5] The agency's work includes providing protection, shelter, healthcare and emergency relief, assisting in resettlement and repatriation, and advocating for national and multilateral policies on behalf of refugees.[6]

In recognition of its work, UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, in 1954 and 1981 and a Prince of Asturias Awards for International Cooperation in 1991.[7] It is a member of the United Nations Development Group, a consortium of organizations dedicated to sustainable development.[8]

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Following the demise of the League of Nations and the creation of the United Nations the international community was acutely aware of the refugee crisis following the end of World War II. In 1947, the International Refugee Organization (IRO) was founded by the United Nations.[9] The IRO was the first international agency to deal comprehensively with all aspects of refugees' lives. Preceding this was the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which was established in 1944 to address the millions of people displaced across Europe as a result of World War II.[9]

In the late 1940s, the IRO fell out of favour, but the UN agreed that a body was required to oversee global refugee issues. Despite many heated debates in the General Assembly, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was founded as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly by Resolution 319 (IV) of the United Nations General Assembly of December 1949. However, the organisation was only intended to operate for 3 years, from January 1951, due to the disagreement of many UN member states over the implications of a permanent body.[9]

UNHCR's mandate was originally set out in its statute, annexed to resolution 428 (V) of the United Nations General Assembly of 1950. This mandate has been subsequently broadened by numerous resolutions of the General Assembly and its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).[9] According to UNHCR, its mandate is to provide, on a non-political and humanitarian basis, international protection to refugees and to seek permanent solutions for them.[9]

Soon after the signing of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, it became clear that refugees were not solely restricted to Europe. In 1956, UNHCR was involved in coordinating the response to the uprising in Hungary. Just a year later, UNHCR was tasked with dealing with Chinese refugees in Hong Kong, while also responding to Algerian refugees who had fled to Morocco and Tunisia in the wake of Algeria's war for independence. The responses marked the beginning of a wider, global mandate in refugee protection and humanitarian assistance.[9]

Decolonisation in the 1960s triggered large refugee movements in Africa, creating a massive challenge that would transform UNHCR; unlike the refugee crises in Europe, there were no durable solutions in Africa, and many refugees who fled one country only found instability in their new country of refuge. By the end of the decade, two-thirds of UNHCR's budget was focused on operations in Africa and in just one decade, the organization's focus had shifted from an almost exclusive focus on Europe.[9]

In 1967, the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees was ratified to remove the geographical and temporal restrictions of UNHCR under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. As the Convention was confined to the refugee crisis in the aftermath of World War II in Europe, the Protocol was made to address the “new refugee situations that have arisen since the Convention was adopted and the refugees concerned that may therefore not fall within the scope of the Convention”.[10] In the 1970s, UNHCR refugee operations continued to spread around the globe, with the mass exodus of East Pakistanis to India shortly before the birth of Bangladesh. Adding to the woes in Asia was the Vietnam War, with millions fleeing Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.[9] The 1980s saw new challenges for UNHCR, with many member states unwilling to resettle refugees due to the sharp rise in refugee numbers over the 1970s. Often, these refugees were not fleeing wars between states, but inter-ethnic conflict in newly independent states. The targeting of civilians as military strategy added to the displacement in many nations, so even 'minor' conflicts could result in a large number of displaced persons. Whether in Asia, Central America or Africa, these conflicts, fueled by superpower rivalry and aggravated by socio-economic problems within the concerned countries, durable solutions continued to prove a massive challenge for the UNHCR. As a result, the UNHCR became more heavily involved with assistance programs within refugee camps, often located in hostile environments.[9] The end of the Cold War marked continued inter-ethnic conflict and contributed heavily to refugee flight. In addition, humanitarian intervention by multinational forces became more frequent and the media began to play a big role, particularly in the lead up to the 1999 NATO mission in FR Yugoslavia, while by contrast, the 1994 Rwandan Genocide had little attention. The genocide in Rwanda caused a massive refugee crisis, again highlighting the difficulties for UNHCR to uphold its mandate, and the UNHCR continued to battle against restrictive refugee policies in so called 'rich' nations.[9]

According to a 2021 study, the UNHCR has fulfilled its mandate to serve refugees independent of their location consistently over time. The organization has shown limited bias towards donors in the geographical distribution of its funds.[11]

UNHCR packages containing tents, tarps, and mosquito netting sit in a field in Dadaab, Kenya, on 11 December 2006, following disastrous flooding

UNHCR was established on 14 December 1950[12] and succeeded the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees (other than Palestinian refugees, who are assisted by UNRWA) and resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another state, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.

UNHCR's mandate has gradually been expanded to include protecting and providing humanitarian assistance to whom it describes as other persons "of concern," including internally displaced persons (IDPs) who would fit the legal definition of a refugee under the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization for African Unity Convention, or some other treaty if they left their country, but who presently remain in their country of origin. UNHCR presently has major missions in Lebanon, South Sudan, Chad/Darfur, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Afghanistan as well as Kenya to assist and provide services to IDPs and refugees in camps and in urban settings.

UNHCR maintains a database of refugee information, ProGres, which was created during the Kosovo War in the 1990s. The database today contains data on over 11 million refugees or about 11% of all displaced persons globally. The database contains biometric data, including fingerprints and iris scans and is used to determine aid distribution for recipients. The results of using biometric verification have been successful. When introduced in Kenyan refugee camps of Kakuma and Dadaab in the year 2013, the UN World Food Programme was able to eliminate $1.4m in waste and fraud.[13]

To achieve its mandate, the UNHCR engages in activities both in the countries of interest and in countries with donors. This includes hosting "expert roundtables" to discuss issues of concern to the international refugee community.

Public awareness and future of refugees

UNHCR 50th anniversary. Stamp of Tajikistan, 2001.

Several new programs have recently been introduced to support and to heighten awareness of the issues faced by refugees around the world. These two new programs are a product of the benchmarks set out by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.

The UNHCR works in different regions of the world to raise awareness about the refugee crisis and the needs of these refugees.

Since 2009, the UNHCR acknowledged a large presence of migration and refugees in the Caribbean, where the refugee crisis remained largely unreported.[14] The issue stems from refugees who, instead of applying to the U.N., improperly search for asylum in the United States, ultimately failing to reach their destination and remaining in the Caribbean.[15] However, migrant laws in some of these nations lacked any protections for asylum-seekers, including the ability to be recognized as such.[14] In response, the UNHCR organized talks with these nations in Costa Rica in 2009,[15] seeking to address the lack of protections for refugees and their prosecution as unauthorized migrants.[14] A refugee-seeker applies through the U.N. for placement and an asylum-seeker applies within the Country in which asylum is sought. This is why some Countries label refugees as illegal when they did not apply through the U.N. for placement and entered the country unlawfully.

In 2007, UNHCR offices in Canada launched an aggressive media campaign to shed light on the plight of refugees.[16] This campaign was meant to humanize the refugee crisis by showing refugees living in the midst of disturbing conditions. Using emotional appeals to raise public awareness, the campaign hoped to increase the interest of particularly "30 to 45-year-old professionals who are generally well educated, well-read, but have not had direct experience or knowledge of refugee issues,”[16] according to fund-raising officer Jonathan Wade.

In Ireland, the UNHCR works to inform the public through different channels. The UNHCR in Ireland actively pursues media relations.[17] It also holds public events with the aim of informing people about current refugee crises. One of these is the annual UNHCR/SARI Fair play Football Cup.[17]

The UNHCR was prominent in helping Syrian refugees in Lebanon. When the Lebanese government was unable to withstand the influx of refugees, the UNHCR stepped in and eased the displacement for the refugees mainly by offering food and healthcare. They also helped register the refugees, so they would not be considered illegal in the eyes of the Lebanese government. Many Syrian refugees are also in Jordan.

The UNHCR's Mid-Year Trends report of June 2015 (based on information for mid-2015 or latest available information up to that date) reported an "unprecedented" 57,959,702 individuals falling under its mandate (for reference, on 1 January 2007, 21,018,589 people – or less than half of the number in 2015 – fell under the mandate of the UNHCR). The sharp increase was mainly attributed to the Syrian Civil War, "with the outbreak of armed crises or the deterioration of ongoing ones in countries like Afghanistan, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Somalia, South Sudan and the Ukraine contributing to prevailing trends."[24]

Persons of concern include refugees and asylum-seekers, people in refugee-like conditions, internally-displaced people (IDPs), stateless persons and "others of concern to the UNHCR".

Aerial view of Zaatari refugee camp for Syrian refugees in Jordan, July 2013

Sorted by the UNHCR bureau in which refuge or asylum is sought, the number for June 2015 included:

• 16,796,426 in the Middle East and North Africa, of which
  • 2,941,121 are refugees
  • 64,166 are in refugee-like situations
  • 109,847 have pending asylum cases
  • 374,309 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State")
  • 13,297,101 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 9,694,535 in the Asia and Pacific bureau, of which
  • 3,506,644 are refugees
  • 278,350 are in refugee-like situations
  • 133,894 have pending asylum cases
  • 1,801,802 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State")
  • 2,965,211 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 8,451,275 in East and Horn of Africa, of which
  • 2,713,748 are refugees
  • 33,553 are in refugee-like situations
  • 108,016 have pending asylum cases
  • 233,726 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State"
  • 5,119,463 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 7,726,594 in the Americas, of which
  • 501,049 are refugees
  • 251,888 are in refugee-like situations
  • 276,394 have pending asylum cases
  • 136,413 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State")
  • 6,520,270 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 7,585,581 in Europe, of which
  • 3,506,644 are refugees
  • 14,261 are in refugee-like situations
  • 827,374 are asylum-seekers
  • 610,532 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State"
  • 2,574,886 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 3,580,181 in Central Africa-Great Lakes, of which
  • 865,112 are refugees
  • 13,741 are in refugee-like situations
  • 18,623 have pending asylum cases
  • 1,302 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State"
  • 2,021,269 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 2,754,893 in Western Africa of which
  • 258,893 are refugees
  • (Information not applicable/unavailable) on number in refugee-like situations
  • 9,298 have pending asylum cases
  • 700,116 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State")
  • 1,549,516 are IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR
• 1,370,217 in Southern Africa, of which
  • 179,837 are refugees
  • (Information not applicable/unavailable) on number in refugee-like situations
  • 860,500 have pending asylum cases
  • 300,000 are stateless ("persons not considered as nationals by any State")
  • (Information not applicable/unavailable) on number of IDPs or people in IDP-like situations assisted by the UNHCR

As of November 2018, the UNHCR employed a staff of 16,765 people in 138 countries.[25]

High Commissioners

High Commissioner of the UNHCR
Incumbent Filippo Grandi since January 2016
High Commissioner for Refugees
Reports to	UN General Assembly
Appointer	UN General Assembly
Term length	5 years
Formation	1 January 1951 (1951-01-01)
First holder	Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart
Website	Official website

The UN General Assembly elects High Commissioners every five years. High Commissioners are supported by the 'Executive Committee to the High Commissioner's Programme' and he or she has to make annual reports to the UN General Assembly and needs to follow their directives.[26] The current High Commissioner is Filippo Grandi, who has held the post since 1 January 2016.[27] Prior to the establishment of the UNHCR, Fridtjof Nansen was the League's High Commissioner for Refugees. The post of High Commissioner has been held by:[28]

No.	Portrait	High Commissioner	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Nationality
0		Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) League of Nations High Commissioner	1 September 1921	1927	4–5 years	Norway
1		Goedhart, Gerrit Jan van HeuvenGerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart (1901–1956)	1 January 1951	8 July 1956	5 years, 189 days	Netherlands
2		Lindt, August R.August R. Lindt (1905–2000)	8 July 1956	3 November 1960	4 years, 118 days	Switzerland
3		Schnyder, FélixFélix Schnyder (1910–1992)	3 November 1960	31 December 1965	5 years, 58 days	Switzerland
4		Khan, Sadruddin AgaSadruddin Aga Khan (1933–2003)	1 January 1966	31 December 1977	11 years, 364 days	Iran
5		Hartling, PoulPoul Hartling (1914–2000)	1 January 1978	31 December 1985	7 years, 364 days	Denmark
6		Hocké, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Hocké (born 1938)	1 January 1986	31 December 1989	3 years, 364 days	Switzerland
7		Stoltenberg, ThorvaldThorvald Stoltenberg (1931–2018)	1 January 1990	3 November 1990	306 days	Norway
8		Ogata, SadakoSadako Ogata (1927–2019)	3 November 1990	31 December 2000	10 years, 59 days	Japan
9		Lubbers, RuudRuud Lubbers (1939–2018) (Resigned due to internal investigation)	1 January 2001	20 February 2005	4 years, 50 days	Netherlands
–		Chamberlin, WendyWendy Chamberlin (born 1948) Acting	24 February 2005	2 June 2005	98 days	United States
10		Guterres, AntónioAntónio Guterres (born 1949)	2 June 2005	31 December 2015	10 years, 212 days	Portugal
11		Grandi, FilippoFilippo Grandi (born 1957)	1 January 2016	Incumbent	6 years, 306 days	Italy

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

• Official website
• UNHCR's "Refworld" refugee document and news web site: from UNHCR's Status Determination and Protection Information Section (SDPIS) in the Division of International Protection Services (DIPS).
• "Figures at a Glance" from official website
• Measuring Protection by Numbers, Report from official website
• "Who is a Refugee and who is not – the Crisis of Identity as a Challenge to Protection" Online video of an address by Ms. Erika Feller, director, Department of International Protection, UNHCR, in 2005
• USCRI's Campaign to End Refugee Warehousing
• "Prisons of the Stateless: The Derelictions of UNHCR" by Jacob Stevens
• Nine Million
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees on Nobelprize.org
• Global Compact on Refugees