Venom (band)

Venom are an English heavy metal band formed in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1978.[1] Coming to prominence towards the end of the new wave of British heavy metal, Venom's first two albums, Welcome to Hell (1981) and Black Metal (1982), are considered major influences on thrash metal and extreme metal in general.[1] Their second album proved influential enough that its title was used as the name of the black metal genre; as a result, Venom were part of the early wave of the genre, along with Mercyful Fate and Bathory.[3][4]

Venom
Lant and Dixon performing in 2013
Background information
Also known as
  • Guillotine (1978)
  • Dwarfstar (1978–1979)
OriginNewcastle upon Tyne, England
Genres
  • Thrash metal[1]
  • speed metal[2]
  • black metal
Years active
  • 1978–1992
  • 1995–2002
  • 2005–present
Labels
  • Spinefarm
  • Neat
  • Filmtrax
  • Under One Flag
  • SPV
  • Sanctuary
  • Castle
Members
  • Conrad "Cronos" Lant
  • Stuart "Rage" Dixon
  • Danny "Dante" Needham
Past members
  • Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn
  • Anthony "Abaddon" Bray
  • Clive "Jesus Christ" Archer
  • Mike "Mykvs" Hickey
  • Jim Clare
  • Tony "Demolition Man" Dolan
  • Al Barnes
  • Trevor "V.X.S" Sewell
  • Steve "War Maniac" White
  • Anthony "Antton" Lant
Websitewww.venomslegions.com

History

Early years (1978–1981)

Venom's original personnel came from three different bands: Guillotine, Oberon and Dwarfstar. The original Guillotine featured Jeffrey Dunn and Dave Rutherford on guitars, Dean Hewitt on bass guitar, Dave Blackman on vocals, and Chris Mercater on drums who replaced Paul Burke, the original drummer when the band was founded. Blackman and Mercater were later also replaced by drummer Anthony Bray and vocalist Clive Archer. Later, Hewitt was replaced by Alan Winston on bass. The band name then changed in 1978 to Venom. In late 1979, Conrad Lant replaced Dave Rutherford. Lant later switched to bass after the departure of Winston. The band members took on new stage names. Archer became "Jesus Christ", Lant "Cronos", Bray "Abaddon", and Dunn "Mantas".

Since the beginning of their career, Venom have often used "Satanic" lyrics and imagery. However, such references were mostly for shock value.[5][6]

In late 1979 Lant introduced the band to his original song ideas as he did not want to keep playing the same cover songs, and with Dunn he began writing new songs for the band. Lant had yet composed songs like "Sons of Satan", "Bloodlust" and "Welcome to Hell", while Dunn had yet composed songs like "Angel Dust", "Red Light Fever", "Buried Alive", "Raise the Dead" and "Live Like an Angel, Die Like a Devil". Dunn and Lant redefined together these songs with a mutual collaboration and then, after a few weeks, Lant recorded a rehearsal session on a basic cassette recorder which he played for the label he worked for, although as the band rehearsed in an old church hall the sound was not good. In April 1980, Lant was able to persuade the label to give him some free studio time and the band recorded a three-song demo. Soon after, six more tracks were recorded for just £50, with Lant taking vocal duties on the song "Live Like an Angel". Archer then left the band, and Venom's line-up became a trio.[7]

Classic line-up (1981–1986)

Venom's professional recording debut was the 1981 single In League with Satan / Live Like an Angel, which was released by Neat Records. Later that year they released their full-length debut, Welcome to Hell.

Welcome to Hell was a big influence on future thrash bands. Venom's music was faster and harsher than most heavy metal contemporaries and while Satanism and other dark topics had been featured in metal before, the subject had rarely been more prominent. Lant was quoted as saying that this celebration of evil subjects was inspired by the perceived need to out-do musicians like Ozzy Osbourne of Black Sabbath, who would "sing about evil things and dark figures, and then spoil it all by going: 'Oh, no, no, please, God, help me!'"[8]

Their second album, 1982's Black Metal, is cited as perhaps the most important influence in the development of black metal, thrash metal, death metal, and other related styles that are often grouped under the extreme metal umbrella.[1] Many defining elements of these genres are first found in the lyrics and song titles created by Lant, his unique singing style and larger than life presence. Venom's first two albums inspired cult followings to this day. While many of their NWOBHM peers (like Iron Maiden) had found measures of popular success or critical acclaim, or (like Def Leppard) were moving away from heavy metal towards hard rock, Venom were still regarded by critics as "a trio of buffoons".[9]

In 1984, Venom recorded the At War with Satan album, an epic 20-minute title track, with substantial influences of many different musical styles, which took up the first side of the LP. The title track written by Lant, was a deliberate way for him to rebuff the critics who said Venom could not play. The B-side was focused on the rapid-fire, three-minute "scorchers" Venom were known for, including "Stand Up And Be Counted". A live video, The 7th Date of Hell Venom Live at Hammersmith Odeon, was also released that year. In 1985, Venom released their fourth studio album, Possessed, which was recorded in a stately home, and saw a band enjoying their success with different chefs being flown in every day during the album's recording, lavish parties of sex, drugs and rock n' roll. By this time Venom had released several singles ("Warhead", "Die Hard" and "Manitou" among others) and live EPs (The Assault Series including Canadian Assault, American Assault and French Assault). Cronos and Abaddon appeared on the Combat Tour Live: The Ultimate Revenge video with Slayer and Exodus. Cronos cites the Possessed album as underestimated. "I don't think there's any songs that are kind of overlooked, I just think some songs maybe weren't recorded as well as we could have recorded them. Like say for example on the Possessed album, I still think there are great songs".[10] During March/April 1986, Venom the band seems ready to record the fifth album (then never released), called Deadline, but internal relationships begin to deteriorate. A live album, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, and a second live video, Alive in '85, were released in 1986. Dunn then left the band to release a solo album.

Temporary break-up and Tony Dolan era (1987–1995)
Tony "Demolition Man" Dolan (pictured in 2013) fronted the band from 1989 to 1992.

Two guitarists, Mike Hickey and Jim Clare, were hired to replace Dunn. Their fifth album, 1987's Calm Before the Storm, moved away from Satanic themes in favour of "sword and sorcery" material.[11] This was a new direction for Venom, although it did not last long, with only a short Japanese and Brazilian tour in 1986, so the band decided to split, and Lant, Clare and Hickey all left to form Lant's solo band, Cronos.

Bray was left as the only group member, but he was able to convince Music for Nations for a deal to release a new Venom album on the Under One Flag label, using Deadline demo tracks which were recorded with previous line-ups but never released. In 1988, Bray offered a vocals/bass role to Tony Dolan (The Demolition Man) from Atomkraft. Bray and Dolan wrote new material prior to Dunn's rejoining the band along with rhythm guitarist Al Barnes. Together they recorded Prime Evil (1989), Tear Your Soul Apart (1990) and Temples of Ice (1991). Barnes then left the band, and Steve White from Atomkraft was hired as his replacement. They released The Waste Lands in 1992, also without success. Music for Nations refused to release any more Venom albums, so Dolan and Dunn quit, effectively disbanding Venom. Bray continued to release compilation and live albums up to 1995. Nonetheless, Dolan, Dunn and Bray continued performing as a trio.

Reunion (1995–present)

In 1995, Lant, Dunn and Bray reunited the "classic" line-up, beginning by headlining the Waldrock Festival on 24 June 1995. They recorded and self-released the Venom '96 EP with four re-recorded old tracks and one new song, resulting in a record deal with the SPV label. Following this was a live CD/video box set, The Second Coming, composed entirely of songs from their classic era such as "Welcome to Hell", "Countess Bathory", "In Nomine Satanas" and "Black Metal". An album, Cast in Stone, was next released in 1997, split between two discs which was one of all new material and the other with re-recordings of popular early-'80s songs.

Venom at Hellfest 2008

By 1999, internal conflicts in the band delayed production of the second album in their deal with SPV. Band manager Eric Cook and Abaddon decided not to work with Cronos again. Abaddon wrote a letter to Cronos, with the intent of firing him. In response, Cronos communicated the situation to SPV. The record company refused to work with Venom if Cronos was not part of the line-up. Cronos answered Abaddon telling him: "You can't kick the Devil out of hell, I'm firing you!".[12] Despite this, the band tried to invite Abaddon to play with them again but Bray did not want to perform on the album and he was replaced by Conrad Lant's younger brother, Anton. This line-up released Resurrection in 2000 on SPV. However, in 2002 Dunn was next to leave the group and Lant replaced him with an American guitarist, Mike Hickey, who had already taken part in the 1987 release, "Calm Before the Storm," and Cronos solo albums. In late 2005, Venom released a career-spanning four-disc box set, MMV, which includes an exclusive mini-poster of the band's seven-date tour of Europe with Metallica and a 60-page picture book, with interviews and pictures. The set includes all their best-known songs, along with rarities like live tracks, demos and outtakes. This line-up of the band released the Metal Black album in 2006.

In 2007 Mike Hickey left the band and guitarist Stuart "Rage" Dixon joined the band and this line-up released the record Hell the following year. In 2009 drummer Danny "Dante" Needham joined the band and Lant wrote that this will be known as "The Epic Line-Up of Venom", and they set off on a full South American tour. After headlining festivals around the world for the next couple of years gaining in popularity, they released the Fallen Angels album on 28 November 2011.

Venom perform at Brutal Assault 2014

Venom released their fourteenth studio album, From the Very Depths, on 27 January 2015.[13] The band also played one song, "Rise", they were working on in the studio, live for the audience at Rockfest 2014.[14]

A three-track EP, 100 Miles to Hell, was released on 22 December 2017.[15] Their fifteenth album, Storm the Gates, was released on 14 December 2018.[16]

Reunion of the Venom '89/'90 line-up under the name "Venom Inc."

In April 2015, in anticipation of a date of M-pire of Evil (band of Mantas and Demolition Man) at the Keep It True Festival in Germany, the organisers of the festival asked Mantas and Demolition Man if they could play the songs of Venom with Abaddon. Mantas had not talked to Abaddon since 1998. After thinking a bit, the two former Venom members played along with Abaddon without having done any rehearsals for the show. At this point, the three brought together the Venom line-up of 1988–1992 under the name of Venom Inc. for the sake of the fans (instead of the name "Iron & Steel", that was initially conceived by the members themselves).

On 3 February 2017, Venom Inc. signed with Nuclear Blast and released their first album, Avé, on 11 August 2017. The two singles off the album were "Dein Fleisch" and "Ave Satanas". Drum parts for "Avé" delivered by Abaddon were not up to par so Mantas used a drum computer for the record.

After playing several worldwide tours, the band continued to play until the beginning of March 2018, when at the end of the Australian tour Abaddon asked for a break from the band's activity (due to the birth of his daughter, Anja) and agreed that he would be temporarily replaced by the band's front of house engineer Jeramie Kling for a period of one or two months (until April 2018) to complete the European tour.[17] However, following some personal conflicts due to his conduct on previous tours and contract management, certain business moves made behind Demolition Man's back without any approval, as well as stylistic differences with the other band members, Abaddon was fired from Venom Inc. After which Kling also took part in the recordings for the next album, thus becoming a full member of the band.[18][19][20]

Musical style and influences

As Venom were one of the first incarnations of extreme metal, influencing many thrash metal, black metal, death metal, and other extreme metal bands,[21] their exact genre has been a topic of debate. Venom have been labelled various genres by members of the press. Most prominent genres are black metal, thrash metal, and speed metal.[2]

Cronos insists on calling it black metal, without passing judgment on the genre that later would flourish in Norway:

...It's one of the things when I first saw when I saw the Norwegian scene beginning in the early nineties. I thought: ok, I know they said Venom are an influence, etcetera, etcetera; let's see where these guys are coming from. And then when I started to read the lyrics, read the interviews and see they were kind of saying the same thing, but about their country, they had their religion, with all the Norse gods like Wodan and Thor. And then all of the sudden the Christians came in and they tried to destroy their religion. It's great that they stayed within in their country's beliefs for their lyrics as well. So, they're not the exactly the same things as Venom, they invented something of their own, which I think is fucking great...[10]

Prime influences of Venom were Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Motörhead,[22] the Sex Pistols[23] and Kiss.[24] Other musicians that have influenced Venom are Deep Purple, the Who, the Tubes, Van Halen, the Rolling Stones, and Elvis Presley.[24][25]

Legacy and influence

Welcome to Hell influenced several later bands.[21] Venom's music helped shape the development of many thrash metal bands, specifically the "Big Four of Thrash", who in turn were highly influential: Metallica, Slayer, Anthrax, and Megadeth. Metallica opened for Venom on an early 1980s tour,[8] Venom opened for Metallica and Slayer on the Ride the Lightning tour, and Slayer played with them and Exodus on the Combat Tour in 1985. Both Kerry King and Tom Araya have cited Venom as an important early influence on Slayer's image and music,[26][27] while Dave Mustaine of Megadeth said he and James Hetfield of Metallica were fans of Venom.[28] Lars Ulrich of Metallica reportedly said of Venom's first album: "Welcome To Hell was a classic! Black metal, speed metal, death metal, whatever you want to call it, Venom started it all with that one record!"[29] Mille Petrozza of Kreator stated that Venom was one of his favourite bands early in his career, alongside the "Big Four".[30] Canadian band Voivod covered seven different Venom songs on their early demos.[31][32]

Venom would also be of extreme importance to the black metal scene and the early death metal scene. Swiss band Hellhammer (later to become Celtic Frost) and Norwegian band Mayhem[33] are among the major acts influenced by Venom; Quorthon, the frontman of Swedish band Bathory, called Black Metal "one of the best albums ever made" in an interview, although he later downplayed Venom's influence on him.[34] Possessed and Repulsion,[35] two bands which went on to greatly influence much of the death metal and grindcore to come, were both influenced by Venom, with Jeff Becerra of Possessed often asserting Venom and Exodus as the two main influences on his band.[36] German band Sodom, a formative band to both black metal and German thrash metal, is claimed to have been named after a Venom song. Music critic Bradley Torreano wrote that Venom "caught the attention of both metalheads and punks, the band was emulated by the former and turned into camp icons by the latter."[6] Henry Rollins once compared the band to Spinal Tap.[37]

Although they did not make it to MTV's top 10 heavy metal bands list, they were given an "honorable mention".[38]

Reflecting on Venom's 40th anniversary, Cronos said that without Venom, well known bands such as Metallica or Slayer would not exist. He explained, "We were the band that was influenced by Motörhead and the Sex Pistols, but we took their sound and made something completely new out of it. We were completely new; no one had heard anything like us. And of course, unbeknown to us, in America there were these kids who were listening to our records and then shaping what we were doing into their own thing. Slayer would be an example of that. And I agree, without us those bands either wouldn't exist, or would sound very different from the way they do." He also cited the line-up consisting of himself, along with guitarist Stuart "Rage" Dixon and drummer Danny "Danté" Needham as "the best one we've ever had."[23]

Criticism

A Venom song was included in the so-called "Filthy Fifteen" list compiled by the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) during 1980's hearings on musical content.[39] The title-song from the Possessed album was criticised by the PMRC for having "occult" lyrical content. The efforts by the PMRC resulted in the inclusion of Parental Advisory labels that became ubiquitous on physical music media.

While many fans and musicians see Venom as an important band, their music has nonetheless been the subject of debate. The biggest criticism is Satanism, which is the main driving force behind the band's music and album covers. Cronos explained in 2008 that the reasoning behind it is for entertainment purposes.

I've always been interested in Satanism, but we're entertainers, and we used subjects like Satanism and paganism to entertain people, like horror movies do. Listening to a Venom album is the same thing as watching an Evil Dead movie. I don't go around murdering virgins in my spare time. It's frustrating when people can't make that distinction; I mean, David Bowie's not actually from Mars, is he? But we were always being misquoted in the press. Venom admit to dancing around a campfire with virgins? Nonsense.

— Cronos[40]

Critic Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic writes that even though Welcome to Hell influenced "literally thousands" of bands, Venom were "critically reviled".[21] Critic James Christopher Monger, however, declares that the members of Venom "grew as musicians" as their careers progressed.[41] Ethnographer Keith Kahn-Harris argues that Venom's limited technical skill, particularly early in their career, was a profound, though inadvertent factor in the band's influence: being unable to mimic more technically proficient metal of their predecessors or peers, Venom instead opted to focus on sheer speed, creating music that was inspired by earlier metal, yet simultaneously innovative.

Band members

Discography

Studio albums

  • Welcome to Hell (1981)
  • Black Metal (1982)
  • At War with Satan (1984)
  • Possessed (1985)
  • Calm Before the Storm (1987)
  • Prime Evil (1989)
  • Temples of Ice (1991)
  • The Waste Lands (1992)
  • Cast in Stone (1997)
  • Resurrection (2000)
  • Metal Black (2006)
  • Hell (2008)
  • Fallen Angels (2011)
  • From the Very Depths (2015)
  • Storm the Gates (2018)

EPs

  • Canadian Assault (Canada 1984)
  • American Assault (USA 1985)
  • French Assault (France 1985)
  • Scandinavian Assault (Sweden 1985)
  • German Assault (Germany 1985)
  • Japanese Assault (Japan 1985)
  • Hell at Hammersmith (UK 1985)
  • Tear Your Soul Apart (1990)
  • Venom '96 (UK 1996)
  • 100 Miles to Hell (UK 2017)

Live albums

  • Official Bootleg (1985)
  • Eine kleine Nachtmusik (1986)
  • The Second Coming (1997)
  • Witching Hour (2003)

UK singles

  • In League with Satan / Live Like an Angel (1981)
  • Bloodlust (1982)
  • Die Hard (1983)UK Chart no. 156
  • Warhead (1984) UK Chart no. 134
  • Manitou (1984) UK Chart no. 128
  • Nightmare (1985)
  • Antechrist (2006)
  • Hammerhead (2011)[42]

Compilation albums

  • From Hell to the Unknown... (1985)
  • The Singles 80-86 (1986)
  • Acid Queen (1991)
  • In Memorium (1991)
  • The Book of Armageddon (1992)
  • Kissing the Beast (1993)
  • Leave Me in Hell (1993)
  • Skeletons in the Closet (1993)
  • New, live and Rare (1998)
  • Old, New, Borrowed and Blue (1999)
  • Buried Alive (1999)
  • From Heaven to the Unknown (1999)
  • The Venom Archive (2001)
  • Lay Down your Soul! (2002)
  • In League with Satan (2003)
  • The Seven Gates of Hell - The Singles 1980-1985 (2003)

Box sets

  • Here Lies Venom (1985)
  • Triple Dose of Venom (2001)
  • MMV (2005)
  • Assault! (2017)
  • In Nomine Satanas (2019)

See also
  • List of new wave of British heavy metal bands

References
  1. Kahn-Harris, Keith. Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge. Oxford: Berg, 2007. ISBN 1-84520-399-2.
  2. Black metal according to: Thrash metal according to: Speed metal according to:
  3. "Essential Black Metal Albums". Heavy Music Headquarters. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  4. "Heavy Metal Culture — 10 Metal Bands that Broke Up too Soon". Heavy Metal Culture. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  5. Moynihan, Michael; Søderlind, Didrik (2003) [1998]. Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground (revised and expanded ed.). Feral House. p. 13.
  6. Bradley Torreano: "In League with Satan - Venom". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  7. "Rock & Metal in My Blood". Rock & Metal in My Blood. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  8. "MMV: Review by James Christopher Monger". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  9. "At War with Satan: Review by Eduardo Rivadavia". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  10. "Lords of Metal interview with Cronos of Venom by Ramon van H". Lordsofmetal.nl. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  11. "Calm Before the Storm: Review by Steve Huey". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  12. vs_baronin (24 October 2012). "Venom: Centuries of sin". Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  13. "Venom To Release 'From The Very Depths' Album in January". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  14. "Venom Putting Finishing Touches on New Album". Blabbermouth.net. 7 July 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  15. "VENOM To Release '100 Miles To Hell' EP Next Week". Blabbermouth.net. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  16. "VENOM To Release 'Storm The Gates' Album in December". Blabbermouth.net. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  17. "VENOM INC. Enlist THE ABSENCE Drummer JERAMIE KLING For European Tour Dates". bravewords.com. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  18. "VENOM INC. Frontman Says Latest Split With Drummer ABADDON Has Turned Into 'A Bit of a Mess'". Blabbermouth.net. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  19. "ABADDON Says He Has No Idea Why He Was Fired From VENOM INC". Blabbermouth.net. 30 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  20. "VENOM INC. Frontman on Latest ABADDON Split: 'It Seems Discontentment Has Set In'". Blabbermouth.net. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  21. "Welcome to Hell: Review by Eduardo Rivadavia". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  22. "Interview with Mantas". fortunecity.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
  23. Winwood, Ian. "VENOM'S CRONOS: "WITHOUT US, BANDS LIKE SLAYER WOULDN'T EXIST"". Kerrang. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  24. "Interview with Abaddon and Cronos". fortunecity.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
  25. Ankeny, Jason. Venom: Related. AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  26. "The Crypts Of 35 Years: Tom Araya On The Anniversary Of Slayer's Hell Awaits". The Quietus. We did covers of Venom, Maiden, Priest ... Venom was a big influence on Kerry as far as the imagery, and how we did the song-writing. I still think that Welcome To Hell and Black Metal are fucking awesome records, and I still listen to them now actually.
  27. "Slayer's Kerry King: My 10 Favorite Metal Albums". Rolling Stone. 14 July 2017. Slayer looked like Venom early on. We were impressionable and trying to find ourselves and we were probably a cross between Venom and Mercyful Fate, maybe a little bit of Priest, maybe a little bit of punk. That's where we came from.
  28. "Megadeth's Dave Mustaine: The 10 Albums That Changed My Life". Metal Hammer. 11 December 2016. I remember driving up the highway with Hetfield, listening to Venom and Motörhead all the time. Those were two bands we liked a lot.
  29. "The true story of Venom, the most influential NWOBHM band of them all". Classic Rock. 7 January 2019.
  30. "Kreator's Mille Petrozza On 'Dying Alive' And The "Big Teutonic Four"". 13 December 2013.
  31. "Voivod - Anachronism".
  32. "Voivod - To the Death!..."
  33. "The Dark Past". 9 March 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  34. "BATHORY – Out Of The Black Hole (MF24, 1987) | Features / Interviews". Metalforcesmagazine.com. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  35. "REPULSION - www.voicesfromthedarkside.de". www.voicesfromthedarkside.de. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  36. "Possessed". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  37. Rollins, Henry (1994). Get in the Van: On the Road with Black Flag. 2.13.61 Publications. p. 232. Venom took almost an hour to get onstage. They had roadies tuning their guitars and shit. Finally, they hit the stage. They were hilarious. It was like seeing Spinal Tap.
  38. "Metal's Honorable Mentions". MTV. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  39. Fisher, Anthony L. (19 September 2020). "35 years ago the Senate held hearings on rock lyrics. It was a First Amendment showdown for the ages". businessinsider.com. Hard rockers of note (AC/DC, Motley Crue, Twisted Sister, Def Leppard), and metal bands of little note (Venom, Mercyful Fate) made the list.
  40. Chick, Steve (26 June 2008). "This is the devil's music". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  41. "Darkest Hour: Review by James Christopher Monger". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  42. "Venom (8)". discogs. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
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