Victorian architecture

During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic Revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built.[1]

By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology, construction was able to incorporate metal materials as building components. Structures were erected with cast iron and wrought iron frames. However, due to being weak in tension, these materials were effectively phased out in place for more structurally sound steel.[2] One of the greatest exponents of iron frame construction was Joseph Paxton, architect of the Crystal Palace. Paxton also continued to build such houses as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular English Renaissance styles. New methods of construction were developed in this era of prosperity, but ironically the architectural styles, as developed by such architects as Augustus Pugin, were typically retrospective.

In Scotland, the architect Alexander Thomson who practised in Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with Egyptian and Oriental themes to produce many truly original structures. Other notable Scottish architects of this period are Archibald Simpson and Alexander Marshall Mackenzie, whose stylistically varied work can be seen in the architecture of Aberdeen.

While Scottish architects pioneered this style it soon spread right across the United Kingdom and remained popular for another forty years. Its architectural value in preserving and reinventing the past is significant. Its influences were diverse but the Scottish architects who practiced it were inspired by unique ways to blend architecture, purpose, and everyday life in a meaningful way.

Central Hall of the Natural History Museum, London

• Jacobethan (1830–1870; the precursor to the British Queen Anne Revival style)
• Renaissance Revival (1840–1890)
• Neo-Grec (1845–1865)
• Romanesque Revival
• Second Empire (1855–1880; originated in France)
• British Queen Anne Revival (1870–1910)
• Scots Baronial (predominantly Scotland)
• British Arts and Crafts movement (1880–1910)

Some styles, while not uniquely Victorian, are strongly associated with the 19th century owing to the large number of examples that were erected during that period:

• Italianate
• Neoclassical

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  Palace of Westminster, Neo-Gothic completed in 1870. Designed by Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin
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  Royal Albert Hall, London
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  The "Red Brick" Victoria Building at the University of Liverpool, completed in 1893 in Gothic Revival style. Designed by Alfred Waterhouse
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  The Victorian Pavilion at The Oval cricket ground in London
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  Victorian School of Art and Science at Stroud, Gloucestershire
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  House on the Hardwick House estate near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
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  Manchester Town Hall
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  The John Rylands Library in Manchester
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  The Aston Webb building at the University of Birmingham, UK
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  Victoria Law Courts, Birmingham, UK
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  The Gilbert Scott Building of the University of Glasgow, as viewed from Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow. An example of the Gothic Revival style
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  North of Scotland Bank in Aberdeen by Archibald Simpson 1839–42
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  Balmoral Castle, completely rebuilt for Queen Victoria, an example of the Scots Baronial style
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  Walsall Victorian Arcade, UK
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  Barclays Bank building, Sutton, Greater London
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  Forth Rail Bridge, Firth of Forth, near Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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  Somerville College, Oxford, UK

Modern skyscrapers on Collins Street, Melbourne, have been deliberately set back from the street in order to retain Victorian-era buildings.

Most terraces in Australia have been preserved. Pictured are Victorian style terraces in Sydney

The Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw a gold rush and population boom during the 1880s in the states of Victoria and New South Wales. There were fifteen styles that predominated:[3]

The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the Federation Period, from 1890 to 1915.[4]

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  Melbourne's world heritage Royal Exhibition Building, built in 1880 (Free Classical)
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  General Post Office, Sydney, in the Free Classical style (1891)
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  Hotel Windsor, 1885
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  St Peters Cathedral, Adelaide, South Australia (Gothic Revival)
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  Sydney Town Hall, in Second Empire style
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  Queen Victoria Building in Romanesque style (1898)
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  South Melbourne Town Hall in Second Empire style
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  St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, in Victorian Gothic architecture (1882)
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  Victorian Mannerist architecture lining a street in Sydney
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  Princess Theatre, Melbourne
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  State Library of Victoria of the Academic Classical style (1870)
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  Brookman Hall, UniSA City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia
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  Italianate home in Randwick, New South Wales
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  Filigree style terraces in Surry Hills with ornate iron-wrought detailing
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  Second Empire and Filigree residence in South Yarra, Victoria

Western influence in architecture was strong when Hong Kong was a British colony. Victorian architecture in Hong Kong:

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  St. Andrew's Church
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  St. John's Cathedral
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  Former Marine Police Headquarters (now officially named as '1881 Heritage', which is a hotel and a shopping mall)

Victorian Queenstown (Cobh)

Georgian architecture is more prominent in Ireland than Victorian architecture. The cities of Dublin, Limerick, and Cork are famously dominated by Georgian squares and terraces. Though Victorian architecture flourished in certain quarters. Particularly around Dublin's Wicklow Street and Upper Baggot Street and in the suburbs of Rathmines, Ranelagh, Rathgar, Rathfarnham, and Terenure. The colourful Italianate buildings of Cobh are excellent examples of the regional Victorian style in Ireland. Further examples of Victorian architecture in the country include Dublin's George's Street Arcade, the Royal City of Dublin Hospital on Baggot Street and the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital on Adelaide Road.

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  A Victorian terrace in Cobh known as the "deck of cards"
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  Victorian shops and cafes, including the George's Street Arcade, Dublin D02
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  Victorian Upper Baggot Street, Dublin D02
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  Victorian terraced houses in Dublin D6W
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  Rathmines Clock Tower, Rathmines, Dublin D06

During the British colonial period of British Ceylon: Sri Lanka Law College, Sri Lanka College of Technology, Galle Face Hotel and the Royal College Main Building.

The Painted Ladies are an example of Victorian architecture found in San Francisco, California.

In the United States, 'Victorian' architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900. A list of these styles most commonly includes Second Empire (1855–85), Stick-Eastlake (1860–ca. 1890), Folk Victorian (1870–1910), Queen Anne (1880–1910), Richardsonian Romanesque (1880–1900), and Shingle (1880–1900). As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period, and are therefore sometimes called Victorian. Some historians classify the later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. Stick-Eastlake, a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick and Queen Anne, is sometimes considered a distinct style. On the other hand, terms such as "Painted Ladies" or "gingerbread" may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles (as well as their adaptations) varied between countries. Many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another.

Victorian facades on 16th Street, San Francisco

Notable Victorian-inspired cities during this era include Alameda, Astoria, Albany, Deal, Troy, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Boston, the Brooklyn Heights and Victorian Flatbush sections of New York City, Buffalo, Rochester, Chicago, Columbus, Detroit, Eureka, Galena, Galveston, Grand Rapids, Baltimore, Jersey City/Hoboken, Cape May, Louisville, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Milwaukee, New Orleans, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Saint Paul, San Francisco and Midtown in Sacramento. Los Angeles grew from a Pueblo (village) into a Victorian Downtown – now almost entirely demolished but with residential remnants in its Angelino Heights and Westlake neighborhoods. San Francisco is particularly well-known for its extensive Victorian architecture, especially in the Haight-Ashbury, Lower Haight, Alamo Square, Western Addition, Mission, Duboce Triangle, Noe Valley, Castro, Nob Hill, and Pacific Heights neighborhoods.

An example of residential architecture in the Old West End District (Toledo, Ohio), a well preserved historic district full of Victorian architecture

The extent to which any one is the "largest surviving example" is debated, with numerous qualifications. The Distillery District in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America. Cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex, Parkdale, and Rosedale. In the US, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country.[5][6] Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, also claims to be the nation's largest Victorian neighborhood.[7][8] Richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan. The Fan district is best known locally as Richmond's largest and most 'European' of Richmond's neighborhoods and nationally as the largest contiguous Victorian neighborhood in the United States.[9] The Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio is recognized as the largest collection of late Victorian and Edwardian homes in the United States, east of the Mississippi.[10] Summit Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota, has the longest line of Victorian homes in the country. Over-The-Rhine in Cincinnati, Ohio, has the largest collection of early Victorian Italianate architecture in the United States,[11][12][13] and is an example of an intact 19th-century urban neighborhood.[14] According to National Register of Historic Places, Cape May Historic District has one of the largest collections of late 19th century frame buildings left in the United States.[15]

The photo album L'Architecture Americaine by Albert Levy published in 1886 is perhaps the first recognition in Europe of the new forces emerging in North American architecture.[16]

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  Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, by Frank Furness
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  Allegheny County Courthouse, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by Henry Hobson Richardson
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  The California Southern Railroad's San Diego passenger terminal, built in 1887
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  Brooklyn Bridge, 1883, New York City
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  The Carson Mansion in Eureka, California, widely considered one of the highest executions of Queen Anne style, built 1884–86
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  John Steinbeck's childhood home in Salinas, California
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  Emlen Physick Estate in Cape May Historic District, New Jersey, by Frank Furness
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  The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York, built in 1899 is designed in the Queen Anne style[17]
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  1880s photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois
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  The Italianate style Farnam Mansion in Oneida, New York. Built circa 1862
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  James J. Hill House in St. Paul, Minnesota, built in 1891
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  Victorian gazebo in Ohio
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  Series of Italianate tenements in Over-The-Rhine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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  Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, Detroit, Michigan, built 1904
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  Gingerbread trim on an 1882 house in Cape May, New Jersey[18][19]
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  The Jacob C. Allen House (c. 1870) in Hackettstown, New Jersey

Canada's chief dominion architects designed numerous federal buildings over the course of the Victorian era. Thomas Fuller's completion of the Canadian Parliament Buildings in 1866, in particular, established a High Victorian Gothic influence over Canadian architectural design for several consecutive decades, producing many public buildings, churches, residences, industrial buildings, and hotels.[20]

Brick Victorian styled homes were built throughout Cabbagetown, Toronto in the late 19th and early 20th century

The Stone Distillery, an example of Victorian industrial architecture

One of four grotesques at the corners of the Peace Tower

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  Banff Springs Hotel
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  Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate
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  British Columbia Parliament Buildings (main block)
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  Canadian Museum of Nature
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  Cathedral Church of St. James (Toronto)
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  Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Saint John, New Brunswick)
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  Central Chambers (Ottawa)
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  Château Frontenac
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  Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)
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  Christ Church Cathedral (Fredericton)
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  Craigdarroch Castle
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  Halifax Armoury
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  Lady Meredith House
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  Montreal City Hall
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  Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council (formerly Langevin Block)
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  Old Galt Post Office Building
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  Old Toronto City Hall
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  Parliament Buildings (Centre Block and Library)
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  Place Viger
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  St. Paul's Cathedral (London, Ontario)
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  The Algonquin
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  Thomas Fuller Building (Brockville, Ontario)
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  University College, Toronto Main Building
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  Winnipeg City Hall (1887)

Because India was a colony of Britain, Victorian Architecture is prevalent in India, Especially in cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, In Mumbai (Formerly called Bombay) buildings like Municipal Corporation Building, Bombay University, Bombay High Court, Asiatic Society of Mumbai Building (Former Town Hall) and the David Sasoon Library are some example of Victorian Architecture in Mumbai. In Kolkata (Formerly called Calcutta) buildings like the Victoria Memorial, Calcutta High Court, St Paul's Cathedral, The Asiatic Society of Bengal are some examples of Victorian Architecture in Kolkata. In Chennai (Formerly called Madras) some examples include Madras High court, State Bank of Madras and St. Mary’s Church.[21]