XLR connector

The XLR connector is a type of electrical connector primarily found on professional audio, video, and stage lighting equipment. The connectors are circular in design and have between three and seven pins. They are most commonly associated with balanced audio interconnection, including AES3 digital audio, but are also used for lighting control, low-voltage power supplies, and other applications. XLR connectors are available from a number of manufacturers and are covered by an international standard for dimensions, IEC 61076-2-103.[1]

XLR3 cable connectors, female on left and male on right

The XLR connector is superficially similar to the smaller DIN connector range, but not physically compatible. A smaller version, the mini XLR connector, is sometimes used on smaller equipment.

History and manufacturers
Variety of male and female XLR connectors with different numbers of pins

The XLR connector was invented by James H. Cannon, founder of Cannon Electric in Los Angeles, California (now part of ITT Corporation), and for this reason it was sometimes colloquially known as a Cannon plug or Cannon connector. Originally manufactured as the Cannon X series, by 1950 a latching mechanism was added (Cannon XL)[2] and by 1955[2] a version surrounding the female contacts with a synthetic rubber polychloroprene (neoprene) insulation using the part number prefix XLR.[3][4] There was also an XLP series which used a hard plastic insulation, but was otherwise the same.[2] ITT Cannon originally manufactured XLR connectors in two locations: Kanagawa, Japan and Melbourne, Australia. The Australian operation was sold to Alcatel Components in 1992 and then acquired by Amphenol in 1998. ITT Cannon continues to manufacture XLR connectors in Japan.

The Switchcraft corporation later started manufacturing compatible connectors, followed by Neutrik. Neutrik made a number of improvements to the connector and its second-generation design (known as the X-series) had just four parts for the cable connector and eliminated the small screws used by both Cannon and Switchcraft, which were prone to working loose, falling out and becoming lost.

Design

XLR connectors are available in male and female versions in both cable and chassis mounting designs, a total of four styles. This is slightly unusual as many other connector designs omit one of the styles (typically a chassis mounting male connector).

The female XLR connectors are designed to first connect pin 1 (the earth pin), before the other pins make contact, when a male XLR connector is inserted. With the ground connection established before the signal lines are connected, the insertion (and removal) of XLR connectors in live equipment is possible without picking up external signals (as usually happens with, for example, RCA connectors).

The number of pins varies. As of 2016, XLR connectors are available with up to 10 pins,[5] and mini XLR connectors with up to eight. XLR connectors from different manufacturers will intermate, with the exception of six-pin models, which are available in two incompatible designs. The older Switchcraft six-pin design adds a center pin to the standard five-pin design, whereas the newer Neutrik design is a different pattern. The Switchcraft six-pin female will accept a standard five-pin male plug whereas the Neutrik six-pin design will not. Currently Neutrik offers connectors in both six-pin designs.

The terminology for labeling the corresponding members of a pair of mating connectors follows the usual rules for the gender of connectors: a 'male' connector is the one with pins on the smallest element, 'female' has corresponding receptacles. A 'plug' connector enters the 'socket' connector, judged by the largest element. For most XLR, plugs are male and sockets are female.[lower-roman 1] XLR are unusual as, at least in audio applications, all four combinations of male and female, plugs and sockets are equally common. A common misnomer is that 'plugs' are free connectors[lower-roman 2] and 'sockets' are panel-mounted, but XLR uses many free female sockets and panel-mounted male plugs. There is a loose convention for audio work that signals are generated by equipment with male pins and transmitted to those with female receptacles. The circumference of an XLR connector at the widest point is 59.7 mm (2.35 in).

Current patterns and applications

Three-pin (XLR3)

Three-pin XLR connectors are by far the most common style, and are an industry standard for balanced audio signals. The great majority of professional microphones use the XLR connector. In previous years, they were used for loudspeaker connections, for instance by Trace Elliot in its bass enclosures.[6] The XLR could accept 14 AWG (1.6 mm or 0.063 in) wire with a current-carrying capacity of 15 amps, suitable for most loudspeakers, but they have been superseded by the Speakon connector for professional loudspeakers. The Speakon connector accepts larger wire and carries more current, and it provides a better shield for the contacts, which may carry dangerous voltages when connected to an amplifier.[7]

Three-pin XLR connectors are used to interconnect powered speakers with line-level signals. This use is commonly seen in PA system applications and seems to be growing more common.

Rechargeable devices exist that use three-pin XLR connectors. These can be found on electric powered mobility wheelchairs and scooters. The connectors carry from 2 to 10 amps at 24 volts.

An obsolete use for three-pin XLR connectors was for MIDI data on some Octave-Plateau synthesizers including the Voyetra-8.

The three-pin XLR connector is commonly used for DMX512, on lighting and related control equipment,[8] particularly at the budget / DJ end of the market. However, using three-pin XLR connectors for DMX512 is specifically prohibited by section 7.1.2 of the DMX512 standard.[9] Use of the three-pin XLR in this context firstly presents a risk of damage to the lighting equipment should an audio cable carrying 48-volt phantom power be accidentally connected, and secondly encourages the use of cable following analogue audio specifications for DMX, which can lead to signal degradation and unreliable operation of the DMX network.

Four-pin (XLR4)

Four-pin XLR connectors are used in a variety of applications.[10]

They are the standard connector for intercom headsets, such as systems made by ClearCom and Telex. Two pins are used for the mono headphone signal and two pins for the unbalanced microphone signal.

Another common use is for DC power connections for professional film and video cameras and related equipment. Some desk microphones with LEDs use them. The fourth pin is used to power the LED indicating that the microphone is on. [11] Other uses for the four-pin XLR include some scrollers (colour-changing devices for stage lighting), AMX analog lighting control (now obsolete) and some pyrotechnic equipment.

4-pin XLR is used for balanced headphone connections, from a balanced amplifier, where there is no common earth between the two channels. Connection diagram: 1 - left channel + phase; 2 - left channel - phase; 3 - right channel + phase; 4 - right channel - phase.[12]

Five-pin (XLR5)

Five-pin XLR connectors are the standard for DMX512 digital lighting control.[13]

Other common uses are for dual-element or stereo microphones (two balanced audio signals with a common ground) and stereo intercom headset (three pins for the stereo headphone signal - left, right, and ground, and two pins for the unbalanced microphone signal).

Additionally, Five-Pin XLR is commonly used for DC power in audio equipment.

Six-pin (XLR6)

Six-pin XLR connectors are used for dual channel intercom systems[14] and stage lighting control applications.[15][16][17] Another common use is professional stereo headset with balanced microphone (headphone left-pin 4, headphone right-pin 5, headphone common-pin 3, mic high-pin 2, mic low-pin 1, mic ground-pin 6).

Seven-pin (XLR7)

Seven-pin XLR connectors are used to connect some valve (tube) condenser microphones to their power supplies (carrying signal, polarisation voltage, heater and HT).[18]

Used by several models of Le Maitre and Ultratec fog machines for remote control.

An obsolete use for seven-pin XLR connectors was analogue lighting control signals, as well as for wired intercom in broadcast studios, specifically with Ward-Beck intercoms.

PDN

The loudspeaker Cannon (known as a PDN connector) had blue or white insulation (depending on its gender), and was intended for connections between audio power amplifiers and loudspeakers. These are manufactured by Amphenol (formerly by Alcatel Components and ITT Cannon Australia).

Obsolete patterns
XLR-LNE three-pin male and female connectors, originally used for mains power connections. The connecting pins in the male connector are recessed and the sockets in the female connectors are shrouded for safety. This example is a panel socket, used as a power input from the male plug, though they were also used in the opposite configuration.

Many other types of connectors using the XLR type shell exist, with various pin configurations. One is the now obsolete three-pin power pattern connector manufactured by ITT Cannon.

The power Cannon (also called the XLR-LNE connector) had shrouded pins and red insulation; it was intended as a mains power plug, alternative to the IEC 60320 series of connectors, but was only used on a few pieces of equipment.

Two-pin (XLR2)

A two-pin variant was used as the DC power input socket on Yamaha's 1970s CP-series 'Electric Grand' pianos (CP-60, CP-70 and CP-80).[19]

Technical usage information

This section contains more technical information relating the most common applications of XLR connectors.

Three-pin in audio use
Left to right: Cannon XLR3-12C (line), Switchcraft X3F (line), Neutrik NC3MP panel, Neutrik NC3FP panel
XLR and 0.25 inch TRS phone connector combo jack.

EIA Standard RS-297-A describes the use of the three-pin XLR - known as XLR3 - for balanced audio signal level applications:

Pin Function
1Chassis ground (cable shield)
2Positive polarity terminal for balanced audio circuits (aka "hot")
3Negative polarity terminal for balanced circuits (aka "cold")[20]

Prior to the introduction of this standard, the wiring of pins 2 and 3 varied. The pin 2 "hot" and pin 3 "cold" convention was typically used by European and Japanese equipment manufacturers, but American companies used pin 3 "hot" and pin 2 "cold". This caused problems when interconnecting equipment with unbalanced connections. The pin 3 "hot" convention is now obsolete but is still found on vintage equipment.[21] Pin 1 has always been ground and/or shield if the cable is shielded, and many connectors connect it internally to the connector shell or case.

Although covered in industry technical standards,[22][23] there is still some disagreement on the best way to handle the use of pin 1 for grounding (earthing). The main controversy is whether the shell of the connector should be connected to pin 1 or the shield, or left floating. AES standards mentioned above recommend that shells of cable-mounted connectors should never be connected to pin 1 or the shield, because inadvertent contact of the shell with another grounded surface while in use can create unwanted current paths for fault current, potentially causing hum and other noise. On the other hand, equipment containing active circuitry should always have pin 1 connected to the conductive enclosure of the equipment as close as possible to the point where the signal enters the enclosure. The argument centers on the radio frequency shielding provided by the shell of the connector, which may be reduced if it is left floating. An alternative solution is to connect the shell to pin 1 and the shield through a small value capacitor, providing RF shielding but allowing very little audio-frequency current to flow. This capability can be built into a fixed jack or a cable terminated with XLR connectors.

The standard signal flow for audio in XLR connectors is that the output is a male connector and the input is female. In other words, the pins on the plug point in the direction of signal flow. This is the opposite of power connector standards which normally use female connectors for outputs, a convention influenced by the need to prevent accidental contact with dangerous voltages. However, the voltages of microphone and line level audio signals are not hazardous. The male XLR is usually incorporated in the body of a microphone.

Since equipment often requires an input on a TRS phone jack or an XLR connector, Neutrik and Amphenol offer several models of combination connector that accept both XLR and 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) TS or TRS phone plugs.

Four-pin – DC power

The most common standard is for pin 1 to be ground and pin 4 to be 12 volts (nominal), with pins 2 and 3 unused. This configuration is used on most professional video cameras and is also common on audio equipment designed for location use.[10] There are other non-standard arrangements, particularly found on older equipment.

Four-pin – intercom headset

Clear-Com, Telex, RTS and many other production intercom systems use four-pin XLR connectors for attaching monaural intercom headsets or handsets. The standard pinout for four-pin XLR headsets is: Pin 1 = Microphone ground (screen/shield); Pin 2 = Microphone signal ("hot") input; Pin 3 = Headphone ground (return); Pin 4 = Headphone signal ("hot") output.[24]

Five-pin – DMX512 and DC power for audio systems

The five-pin XLR is the standard connector for DMX512, the most common protocol for controlling professional lighting and related equipment.[8] Three-pin XLR connectors are increasingly common instead. These are electrically compatible with a simple jumpering 1–1, 2–2, 3–3 between them. However, using three-pin XLR connectors for DMX512 is specifically prohibited by section 7.1.2 of the DMX512 standard.[9]

Five-pin XLR is also a common power connector in modular professional audio systems, such as the Automated Processes, Inc.'s (API) Lunchbox format.[25] This format is becoming increasingly popular and five-pin XLR for DC power is used by many third-party module and chassis developers such as BAE Audio[26] and JLM Audio.[27] It is also used by Slate Digital for the VMS1 microphone preamp.[28] Typically the pin configuration is:

Pin 1: Chassis Ground
Pin 2: Power Ground
Pin 3: Positive Voltage (Typically +15 volts or +16 volts)
Pin 4: Negative Voltage (Typically -15 volts or -16 volts)
Pin 5: Phantom Power Voltage (Typically +48 volts)

Where XLR connectors are used for DC power, the genders are reversed with respect to their standard use for line-level and mic-level audio. Typically, audio signals on XLR connectors "follow the pin," such that a male connector is an output and a female connector is an input. In most power applications (not just XLR connectors) the female connector is the output and the male connector is the input. This makes accidental contact with live parts less likely. In audio devices it also prevents accidental application of DC power to signal inputs.

Additional usage information

At one time three-pin XLR connectors were also used extensively on loudspeaker cables, as when first introduced they represented a new standard of ruggedness, and economical alternatives were not readily available. Often, two-conductor loudspeaker cable had three-pin female connectors on both ends, to distinguish it from a three-conductor shielded signal-level cable, which has a female connector at one end and a male at the other. Either pin 2 or 3 was live, depending on the manufacturer, with pin 1 always the 'earthy' return. This usage is now both obsolete and dangerous to equipment but is still sometimes encountered, especially on older equipment. For example, some loudspeakers have a built-in male connector as an input connector for speaker-level signal. This use was superseded in professional audio applications by the Neutrik Speakon connector. Three pin XLR connectors are now popular power connectors for charging ebike batteries (24V, 36v and 48v). https://www.electricbike.com/ebike-connectors/

  • Male and female XLR4 panel connectors
  • Female XLR5 panel connector
  • Female XLR6 panel connector

Phantom power

Some microphones such as condenser microphones require power. An alternative to battery power is phantom power, which consists of direct current applied equally through the two signal lines of a balanced audio connector, usually a three-pin XLR connector. The supply voltage is referenced to the ground pin of the connector (pin 1 of an XLR), which normally is connected to the cable shield or a ground wire in the cable or both. Phantom power is usually supplied at a nominal 48 volts DC, although lower voltages are permissible and modern microphones will often operate over a wide range.

It is common for modern mixers to have a built-in switch-operated 48-volt power supply which supplies all mic inputs with phantom power, thus eliminating the need for bulky external supplies on individual mics.

XLD keyed variant

The XLD connector is a proposed keyed variant of the XLR connector. The keys prevent accidental mixing of XLR and XLD connectors. XLD plugs and sockets are used mostly in professional audio and video electronics cabling applications.

The XLD connector is proposed by the Audio Engineering Society AES42 digital microphone interface standard.

The connectors are similar to XLR but with an extra coding key and groove that allows control over the intermating of XLD plugs and XLR sockets. A connector with the coding key installed will not mate with a connector that does not have the matching groove.[29] By suitably keying connectors, analog microphones can be protected from damage by the high current digital phantom power supply provided for digital microphones.

Mini XLR connector
XLR and Mini XLR connectors

The Mini XLR Connector, also known as the "TQG" [30] or "TA3"/"TA4"[31] connector (number depending on number of poles), is used on compact items such as UHF wireless microphone beltpacks, some studio and field recording headphones, as well as Audio Technica condenser microphones, but is not in general use on major items such as mixing desks. The Mini XLR Connector was first devised by Switchcraft [32] and is also available from Rean,[33] and various other sources. As yet, the Mini XLR connectors do not appear to be covered by any ISO or national standard.

See also

Notes
  1. This was not the case for the obsolete mains inlet connector, as that used shrouded pins.
  2. Cable-mounted

References
  1. "IEC 61076-2-103 ed1.0. Connectors for electronic equipment - Part 2-103: Circular connectors - Detail specification for a range of multipole connectors (type 'XLR')". International Electrotechnical Commission. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  2. Rayburn, Ray (16 December 2008). "A brief history of the XLR connector". Sound First. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010.
  3. McGuire, Sam; Pritts, Roy (2013). Audio Sampling: A Practical Guide. Taylor & Francis. p. 49. ISBN 978-1136122620.
  4. AES Professional Audio Reference description
  5. "Neutrik Debuts 10-Pin XLR Connector - ProSoundWeb". prosoundweb.com. 20 October 2015.
  6. Ashton, Adrian (2006). The Bass Handbook. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 110. ISBN 0879308729.
  7. Duncan, Ben (2002). The Live Sound Manual. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 138. ISBN 0879306998.
  8. "DMX512 Standard Pinouts". Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  9. "American National Standard E1.11 – 2008" (PDF). PLASA Standards. Professional Lighting and Sound Association. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  10. "Professional audio / entertainment devices 4 pin XLR connector pinout diagram @ pinoutguide.com". pinouts.ru.
  11. "Sennheiser Worldwide - MEG 14-40-L B". Archived from the original on 6 February 2011.
  12. "DIY Headphone Cable Adapter Questions: XLR, 4 Pin Female Mini to 4 Pin Female".
  13. "DMX (DMX512) pinout". Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  14. "Clear-Com RS-602 beltpack". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  15. "ETCLink Documentation". Archived from the original on 21 December 2011.
  16. "ETC RFU Documentation". Archived from the original on 21 December 2011.
  17. "ETC RFU and ETCLink Pinout". Archived from the original on 11 May 2013.
  18. "7-pin XLR Cable". Sterling Audio. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  19. "Yamaha CP-70B Owner's Manual". p. 7.
  20. "AES Standard » AES14-1992 (s2014): AES standard for professional audio equipment - Application of connectors, part 1, XLR-type polarity and gender". www.aes.org.
  21. "3-Pin XLR Audio Pinout". Clark wire and cable. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  22. "AES Standard » AES48-2005 (s2015): AES standard on interconnections - Grounding and EMC practices - Shields of connectors in audio equipment containing active circuitry". www.aes.org.
  23. AES54-3-xxxx,
  24. http://www.clearcomip.com/salesforce/default.aspx?SF=/servlet/servlet.FileDownloadPkb?file=00P50000008YnrN&orgId=00D500000007yiL&pPid=50150000000aN4i
  25. "API 500VPR: 10 slot Rack with Power Supply". apiaudio.com.
  26. Engineering, British Audio. "500 Series Racks". baeaudio.com.
  27. "JLM Audio Shop". www.jlmaudio.com.
  28. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. Don Davis, Eugene Patronis Sound system engineering Third edition, Focal Press, 2006 ISBN 0-240-80830-4, page 448
  30. Switchcraft : Mini XLR Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  31. "Shure catalog page (archived)". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  32. Switchcraft : Specification Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  33. AG, Neutrik®. "Neutrik". www.rean-connectors.com.
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