Arad, Romania
Arad (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈrad] (
listen); German and Hungarian: Arad, Latin: Aradinum) is the capital city of Arad County, Transylvania. It is the third largest city in Western Romania, behind Timișoara and Oradea, and the 12th largest in Romania, with a population of 159,704.
Arad | |
|---|---|
Municipality | |
  .jpg.webp) .jpg.webp)     From top, left to right: Arad City Hall, Cenad Palace, The Red Church, St. Anthony of Padua Church, Moise Nicoară National College, Ioan Slavici National Theatre, Statue of St. Nepomuk's, Aurel Vlaicu University | |
 Flag | |
 Location in Arad County | |
  Arad Location in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Arad |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2020–2024) | Călin Bibarț[1] (PNL) |
| Area | 46.18 km2 (17.83 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 117 m (384 ft) |
| Population (2011)[2] | 159,074 |
| • Density | 3,400/km2 (8,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Postal code | 31xxx |
| Area code | (+40) 02 57 |
| Vehicle reg. | AR |
| Website | www |
A busy transportation hub on the Mureș River and an important cultural and industrial center, Arad has hosted one of the first music conservatories in Europe,[3][4] one of the earliest normal schools in Europe,[5] and the first car factory in Hungary and present-day Romania.[6] Today, it is the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and two universities.
The city's multicultural heritage is owed to the fact that it has been part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Temeşvar Eyalet, Principality of Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and since 1920 Romania, having had significant populations of Hungarians, Germans, Jews, Serbs, Bulgarians[7] and Czechs[8] at various points in its history. During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning on the 20th century, the city experienced rapid development. The most impressive displays of architecture that are still the popular sights of Arad today, such as the neoclassical Ioan Slavici Theater, the eclectic Administrative Palace and the neogothic Red Church, were built in this period.
Name
All names of the city come from the name of its first ispán, Arad (deriving from Hungarian úr, meaning 'lord').[9] During national communism, the Ziridava name was to be added to the city in a similar way as Napoca to Cluj.[10]
History
The evidence of Pre-Indo-European civilisation occurs with the establishment of the first settlement on the northern bank of the Mureş River in the 5th millennium BC, and the extension of the human settlements on the left bank of the Mureş River occurs in the 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC prosperous settlements appear on both banks and on the islands of the Mureş River belonging to an Indo-European civilisation, which peaked around 1000 BC. Excavations made for the foundations of the Astoria Hotel found a human skeleton from the Bronze Age.[11]
The first Dacian settlements appear in the 1st millennium BC. In the 5th century a group of Scythians settled in the region but were assimilated by the Dacians. And between the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Celts settled on both banks of the Mureş River, in the vicinity of the existing settlements. The coexistence of the Celts lasted about two centuries and ended with their assimilation by the more numerous Dacians.
The Dacian settlement in the south of the Micălaca district was conquered by the Roman troops between 101 and 102. During the Second Dacian War (105-106), the Emperor Trajan conquered territories north of Mureş River, making them part of the Roman Dacia. In the Aradul Nou area, the Roman army built the fort Castra of Aradul Nou that housed the legion Legio IV Flavia Felix. During the period between the 2nd and 4th centuries Dacian and Sarmatian settlements were present in the area of today's city, with intense commercial relations with the Roman Empire.
In the 10th century the Hungarians began their expansion in Transylvania, one of the main access routes being the valley of Mureş. Ruler Glad, under the threat of the Hungarian expansion, built a fortress at Vladimirescu-Schanzen, which the Hungarians conquered and destroyed in the middle of the tenth century. Another ruler, Achtum, rebuilt it but the Hungarians destroyed it again in 1028.
Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. According to the Chronicon Pictum, at "an assembly of the realm near Arad"[12] in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman.[13][14] King Béla II of Hungary distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter.[15] The Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 showed the importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at Șoimoș, Șiria, and Dezna. The Ottoman Empire conquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699, although during this period it was temporarily reintegrated in the Principality of Transylvania after the Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș in 1595; and after the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city entered under the Voivode's authority.[16] During the Ottoman period, Arad became an eyalet center, which comprised the sanjaks of Arad, Lugoj, Kacaș, Beşlek and Yanova from 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians (Serbian Militia under command of Subota Jović) during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1683–1699). After 1699, the city was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. At the beginning of the 18th century, Arad became the center of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad. According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian.[17]
The first Jew allowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717.[18] Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of the population, before the Second World War.[19]
The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence.[20]
Courageously defended by the Austrian general Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It was from Arad that Lajos Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Artúr Görgey.[20]
The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania), with the surrender of general Artúr Görgey to the Russians. It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau. These men are known collectively as the 13 Martyrs of Arad, and since then Arad is considered the "Hungarian Golgotha". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals.[20]
Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a "free royal town" by Emperor Francis I of Austria.
Aradu Nou / Neu Arad / Újarad ("New Arad"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mureș river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by the Trajan bridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement.[20]
In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans.[21]
Chronology
- 1st century: Dacian settlement in the present Micălaca district are conquered by the Roman troops.
- 2nd century: The Roman fort Castra of Aradul Nou is founded, in the present Aradul Nou neighborhood.
- 1028 – First time when the area is mentioned. In the 10th-11th centuries the Hungarians are destroying the fortresses of Vladimirescu.
- 1078 – 1081 – The first official mention of the town, as Orod.
- 1131 – Arad is mentioned in The Painted Chronicle From Vienna.
- 1526 – Following the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács, John Zápolya, elected King of Hungary, establishes the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom in Partium and Transylvania.
- 1541 – After the fall of Buda to the Ottomans, the city passes under the administration of the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania.
- 1551 – 1595 – The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire, the former county being divided into three sangeacs.
- 1553 – 1555 – Between these years, the Ottomans built the first fortress of the city on the northern bank of the river Mureș.
- 1595 – Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș, thus the city of Arad was reintegrated in the Transylvanian Principality.
- 1599 – After the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city enters under the Voivode's authority until 1601 when Gabriel Bethlen gives the Mureș valley back to the Ottomans.
- 1683 – After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, Habsburg troops conquer the city in 1687.
- 1699 – After the Peace of Karlowitz, the Mureș river valley became the new border between The Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, thus the city became the headquarters of the frontier guard troops. Arad becomes the seat of Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad.
- 1702 – The furriers' guild was registered – the oldest one.
- 1715 – Camil Hofflich, Franciscan friar, set up the first German language school.
- 1724 – First German settlers from Franconia come to the south of the river and establish Neu Arad.
- 1732 – Almost the entire area of the county was donated to Rinaldo of Modena, who, later disgraced in 1740, lost it to the Austrian crown.
- 1765 – 1783 – The new fortress was built, in Vauban-Tenaille style.
- 1781 – Following the building interdiction in the city, providing clear gunshot fields, the Empire considered moving the city in the Zimand pusta; subsequently Emperor Joseph II gave up the idea.
- 1812 – The foundation of Preparandia – the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania.
- 1817 – The Hirschl Theatre was built.
- 1818 – The safety perimeter of the fortress was reduced from 2 kilometers as put out in 1783, to just 500 m.
→ 1868 – Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu came to Arad as a prompter for Matei Millo's theatre company.
- 1833 – The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna and London – Aradi Zenede/Arader Musik Conservatorium.
- 21 August 1834 – Arad obtained the "Free Royal Town" statute.
→ 1846 – Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt performed.
- 6 October 1849 – 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed.
→ 1847 – Johann Strauss the Son performed.
- 1851 – Inauguration of the Neumann family alcohol and yeast factory.
- 1858 – Inauguration of the central train station.
- 1865 - Eparchy of Arad is transferred from the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Karlovci to the jurisdiction of Metropolitanate of Sibiu.
- 1874 – The original building of the Theater was built.
- 1876 – The Administrative Palace was built.
→ 1877 – Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed.
- 1890 – The Philharmonic Society of Arad was founded.
- 1897 – The Cenad palace was built.
- 1913 – The edifice of today's Palace of Culture and site of the Philarmonics was built on the river embankment.
→ 1922 – Romanian composer and violin virtuoso George Enescu performed.
→ 1924 – Hungarian composer Béla Bartók performed.
- 1892 – The Weitzer Wagon Factory starts producing railway cars. Since 1903 it built the first successful series of petrol driven railcars in Europe.
- 15 August 1899 – The first official football game was held.
- 1906 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was opened with petrol railcars.
- 1909–1914 – Production of motorcars by (MARTA), a subsidiary of Austro-Daimler. MARTA was the acronym of Magyar Automobil Részvény Társaság Arad (Hungarian automobile joint stock company Arad)
- 1911–1913 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was electrified. Apart from factory rails and urban trams, it was the third electric railway in Hungary and the sixth one in Habsburg Monarchy. In 1920, it should become the first electrical railway of Romania.
- 1918 – Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council, the provisional government of Transylvania, and also its unofficial capital.
- 1920 – Under the Treaty of Trianon, Arad was ceded to Romania.
- 1921 – Weitzer Wagon Factory and MARTA merge to Astra Arad
- 1937 – Arad was the most important economic center in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania
- 1980s – Astra Arad was Europe's largest manufacturer of freightcars.
- 1989 – Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, with considerable violence.
- 1996/98 Astra Arad was split in Astra Vagoane Arad (production of freightcars), Astra Vagoane Călători (production of passenger railcars), and Astra Buses.
- 1999 – The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated.
- 2016 – Greenbrier-Astra Rail joint venture formed.
Population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 53,903 | — |
| 1912 | 63,166 | +17.2% |
| 1930 | 77,181 | +22.2% |
| 1941 | 86,674 | +12.3% |
| 1948 | 87,291 | +0.7% |
| 1956 | 106,460 | +22.0% |
| 1966 | 126,000 | +18.4% |
| 1977 | 171,193 | +35.9% |
| 1992 | 190,114 | +11.1% |
| 2002 | 172,827 | −9.1% |
| 2011 | 159,704 | −7.6% |
| 1900,[22] 1930–1948.[23] | ||
According to the 1910 census, whilst still in the now defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 63,166 inhabitants 46,085 were Hungarian (72,95%), 10,279 Romanian (16,27%), 4,365 German (6,91%), 1,816 Serbian (2,87%), 277 Slovak (0,43%) and 133 Czech (0,21%).[24]
According to the 2011 census, the municipality of Arad was home to 159,704 inhabitants. The ethnic split of the city was as follows: 126,075 Romanians (85.19%); 15,695 Hungarians (10.06%); 2,535 Romani (1.71%); 1,256 Germans (0.84%); and 2,116 of other nationalities (1.22%).[25]
The principal religious groups were the Romanian Orthodox (72.7%), Roman Catholic (12.1%), Baptist (4.5%), Pentecostal (4.4%), Reformed (3.1%), and Greek-Catholic (1.1%) churches.
Climate
Arad has a continental climate with cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. In the summer months of June, July and August there are 60 days above 32 °C (90 °F). The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[26]
| Climate data for Arad, Romania | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18 (64) |
18 (64) |
26 (79) |
28 (82) |
32 (90) |
34 (93) |
38 (100) |
37 (99) |
36 (97) |
30 (86) |
21 (70) |
17 (63) |
38 (100) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 1 (34) |
4 (39) |
16 (61) |
21 (70) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
30 (86) |
28 (82) |
24 (75) |
17 (63) |
9 (48) |
5 (41) |
15 (59) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1 (30) |
1 (34) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
17 (63) |
11 (52) |
5 (41) |
0 (32) |
10.2 (50.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3 (27) |
−2 (28) |
1 (34) |
7 (45) |
13 (55) |
15 (59) |
16 (61) |
14 (57) |
11 (52) |
6 (43) |
0 (32) |
−2 (28) |
6 (43) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25 (−13) |
−21 (−6) |
−15 (5) |
−7 (19) |
−1 (30) |
2 (36) |
5 (41) |
4 (39) |
0 (32) |
−11 (12) |
−12 (10) |
−17 (1) |
−25 (−13) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22.8 (0.90) |
18.9 (0.74) |
22.7 (0.89) |
41.5 (1.63) |
39.4 (1.55) |
63.2 (2.49) |
44.9 (1.77) |
39.7 (1.56) |
40.0 (1.57) |
28.2 (1.11) |
29.6 (1.17) |
31.3 (1.23) |
422.2 (16.62) |
| Average rainy days | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 123 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62 | 84 | 124 | 150 | 248 | 270 | 279 | 279 | 210 | 155 | 60 | 62 | 1,983 |
| Source: Weatherbase[27] MSN Weather[28] BBC Weather [29] | |||||||||||||
Economy
With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous cities in Romania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy.
The main industries are: railroad cars, food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for the car industry, electric components, instrumentation, clothing and textiles, and footwear.
Transport
Arad is the most important trans-European road and rail transportation junction point in western Romania, included in the 4th Pan-European Corridor linking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive tram network and several bus lines covering most of the city's neighbourhoods and suburbs. Arad International Airport (IATA: ARW, ICAO: LRAR), with the largest and most modern cargo terminal in western Romania, is situated only 4 km west from central Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of the A1 Motorway.
Neighbourhoods
- Centru
- Aradul Nou
- Gai
- Aurel Vlaicu
- Micălaca
- Grădiște
- Alfa
- Bujac
- Confectii
- Functionarilor
- Parneava
- Sânnicolaul Mic
- Colonia
- Subcetate
Tourist attractions
Architectural monuments
- The Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fortresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, Cloșca, and Crișan
- Administrative Palace, built in 1872–74, renaissance architecture
- Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler
- Neumann Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism
- Judiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism
- Cenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture
- National Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture
- Bohuș Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)
- Szantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession
- Cultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals
- Cloșca Street, Vienna Secession
Historic buildings
- The House with Cannon Balls, built in 1800. Its name derives from the fights between 1848 and 1849. Seventeen cannonballs are incorporated in its walls.
- The High Teacher Training School (Clădirea Preparandiei), the first school for Romanian-language teachers from Transylvania, 1812
- The House with the Padlock, built in 1815
- The Old Theatre (Hirschl), built by Jacob Hirschl in 1817, the oldest stone theatre in Romania
- Water Tower, built in 1896, medieval dungeon architectural style
- The Old Custom House, built in 1907, used as a customs point for goods entering the Arad markets
Monuments
- The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture
- The monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740
- Reconciliation Park
- The Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary army
- The Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against the Hungarians)
- Martyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919
- The Bust of Vasile Goldiș (1862–1934)
- The Bust of Moise Nicoară (1784–1861)
Religious tourism
- The "St. Peter and Paul" Serbian Church, raised in 1698–1702, early Baroque architecture
- "St. Simon" Monastery, raised in 1762, Baroque architecture
- "St. Anthony of Padua" Church (Roman Catholic). The Order of Minorite Monks raised this cathedral in 1904, in a renaissance architecture style
- The "Birth of Saint John the Baptist" Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox), raised in 1862–1865, Baroque architecture, architect Antoniu Czigler. The mural painter, Anastase Damian, started his work in 1957 and finished it one year later
- The Red Church (Evangelical-Lutheran), built in 1906, Neo-gothic architecture
- The Neologue Synagogue, built in 1834, Greek, Tuscan architectural style
- Holy Trinity Cathedral, built between 1991 and 2006, the new cathedral in Byzantine style
Recreational tourism
- Neptun Swimming Place, known in Romanian as "Ștrandul Neptun" is the second biggest Swimming Place in Europe, situated near a river. Due to its size and its recreational activities Strandul Neptun has over 3 million visitors annually, according to Recons Arad.
- Mureș Floodplain Natural Park (Lunca Mureșului Natural Park)
- The Ceala Forest with Măltăreț Lake and Mureș Isle
- The Vladimirescu Forest
- Ghioroc Lake
- Miniș - Măderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad
- Moneasa resort, situated about 100 km, or 62 miles, ENE from Arad
Culture and education
Schools
Arad has two universities, the private "Vasile Goldiș" Western University, founded in 1990, and the public Aurel Vlaicu University founded in 1991. Also the "Spiru Haret" long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad.
There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being the Moise Nicoară National College, the Pedagogical High School "Dimitrie Țichindeal", "Elena Ghiba-Birta" National College, the Economics College, the Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad, and the Vasile Goldiș theoretical lyceum. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the German Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn theoretical lyceum.
Cultural life
- Arad State Theater, hosting an annual Classical Theater Festival
- International Underground Theater Festival
- Philharmonic orchestra and choir
- Puppet theater
Museums and exhibitions
- Arad Museum Complex
- History Department
- Natural Sciences Department
- Art Department
- Vasile Goldiș Memorial Museum
- Doina and Baruțu Arghezi Art Collection
- Delta Gallery, with three major events of Arad artistic life: The International Biennial Drawing Saloon, The Biennial Small Sculpture Saloon, The Annual Art Saloon.
- Alfa Gallery
- Clio Gallery
- Water Tower Gallery
- Takács Gallery
- Carola's Gallery
- Expo Arad International, The Exhibition Centre of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of the County of Arad, the only purely exhibitional arena in western Romania and second only to Romexpo.
Healthcare
The most important hospitals in Arad are Arad County Clinical Hospital and Arad Municipal Hospital (in the late 2000s it merged with Arad County Clinical Hospital). The city also has a number of public hospitals (Arad Maternal Hospital, The Polyclinic, The Dental Clinic, etc.) and private hospitals (MedLife Genesis, Laser System, Mediqua, etc.)
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Atlit (Hof HaCarmel), Israel
Bethlehem, Palestine
Fushun, China- Givatayim, Israel
Gyula, Hungary.svg.png.webp)
Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium- Hegyvidék (Budapest), Hungary
- Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
- Pécs, Hungary
Prague 5 (Prague), Czech Republic
Rîșcani (Chișinău), Moldova
Zrenjanin, Serbia
Sports
The UTA Arad (formerly ITA) football team was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. In the 2020–1 season, UTA plays in the first national league, Liga I. The team has won more league titles than any other team that is not based in Bucharest, and the third most after Steaua and Dinamo; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th counting Venus Bucharest, a team from the Inter-War period. The team's most notable performance on the international stage is the elimination from the European Champions Cup of Ernst Happel's Feyenoord in the 1970–71 season, when the Dutch team were defending European champions and later won the Intercontinental Cup.
In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in the first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006.
World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics Emilia Eberle was born in Arad.
Notes
- "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- "Populaţia stabilă pe judeţe, municipii, oraşe şi localităti componenete la RPL_2011" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
- Dorin Frandeș, Spații arădene care au găzduit muzică – Pitești : Nomina 2011 ISBN 978-606-535-327-5;
- www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. "Consiliul Judetean Arad". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- "Preparandia Română". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- "Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- Marco, Gabriela Adina. "Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
- "Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
- Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6.
- Morar (2019). "Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02.
- La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului
- The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136.
- Engel 2001, p. 50.
- Makk 1989, p. 31.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 171.
- "Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând "Arad"".
- Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990, page 326.
- Lakatos Otto - Aradi története
- (in Romanian) "Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad," Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine aradnet.ro (13 mar 2008). Retrieved 11-08-2013.
- One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312.
- Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó Archived 2017-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
- Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14
- "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
- "Population at 20 October 2011" (in Romanian). INSSE. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- "Arad, Romania Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Arad, Romania".
- "MSN Weather Averages for Arad". Archived from the original on 2013-01-04.
- "BBC Weather Averages for Arad". BBC News.
- "Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
Sources
- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
- Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
External links
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