Discworld

Rincewind was the first protagonist of Discworld. He is a wizard with no skill, no wizardly qualifications, and no interest in heroics. He is extremely cowardly but is constantly thrust into dangerous adventures. He saves Discworld on several occasions, and has an instrumental role in the emergence of life on Roundworld (Science of Discworld).

Other characters in the Rincewind story arc include Cohen the Barbarian, an aging hero of the old fantasy tradition, out of touch with the modern world and still fighting despite his advanced age; Twoflower, a naive tourist from the Agatean Empire (inspired by cultures of the Far East, particularly Japan and China); and The Luggage, a magical, semi-sentient and aggressive multi-legged travelling accessory. Rincewind appears in eight Discworld novels as well as the four Science of Discworld supplementary books.

Death appears in every novel except The Wee Free Men and Snuff, although sometimes with only a few lines. He is a seven-foot-tall skeleton in a black robe who sits astride a pale horse (called Binky). His dialogue is always depicted in small caps, and without quotation marks, as several characters state that Death's voice seems to arrive in their heads without actually passing through their ears as sound.

Death has the job of guiding souls onward from this world into the next. Over millennia in the role, he has developed a fascination with humanity to a point where he feels protective of it against outside forces. This fascination with humanity led to him adopting a daughter and taking on an apprentice (detailed in Mort) and eventually to their daughter Susan Sto Helit, who becomes a main character in books such as Soul Music, Hogfather, and Thief of Time.

Characters that often appear with Death include his butler Albert; his granddaughter Susan Sto Helit; the Death of Rats, the part of Death in charge of gathering the souls of rodents; Quoth, a talking raven (a parody of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven", although it refuses to say "Nevermore"); and the Auditors of Reality, personifications of the orderly physical laws and the closest thing Death has to a nemesis. Death or Susan appear as the main characters in five Discworld novels. He also appears in the short stories Death and What Comes Next, Theatre of Cruelty and Turntables of the Night.

Witches in Pratchett's universe are largely stripped of their modern occultist associations (though Pratchett does frequently use his stories to lampoon such conceptions of witchcraft), and act as herbalists, nurses, adjudicators and wise women. Witches on the Disc can use magic, but generally prefer not to, finding simple but cunningly applied psychology (called "headology") far more effective.

The principal witch in the series is Granny Weatherwax, a taciturn, bitter old crone, from the small mountain country of Lancre. She largely despises people but takes on the role of their healer and protector because no one else can do the job as well as she can. Her closest friend is Nanny Ogg, a jolly, personable witch with the "common touch" who enjoys a smoke and a pint of beer, often leading to her singing bawdy folk songs including the notorious "Hedgehog Song". The two take on apprentice witches, initially Magrat Garlick, then Agnes Nitt, and then Tiffany Aching, who in turn go on to become accomplished witches in their own right.

Other characters in the Witches series include: King Verence II of Lancre, a onetime Fool; Jason Ogg, Nanny Ogg's eldest son and local blacksmith; Shawn Ogg, Nanny's youngest son who serves as his country's entire army and civil service; and Nanny's murderous cat Greebo. The witches have appeared in numerous Discworld books, and have featured as protagonists in seven. They have also appeared in the short story "The Sea and Little Fishes". Their stories frequently draw on ancient European folklore and fairy tales, as well as parodying famous works of literature, particularly by Shakespeare.

The stories featuring the Ankh-Morpork City Watch are urban fantasy, and frequently show the clashes that result when a traditional, magically run fantasy world such as the Disc comes into contact with modern technology and civilization. They revolve around the growth of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch from a hopeless gang of three to a fully equipped and efficient police force. The stories are largely police procedurals, featuring crimes that have heavy political or societal overtones.

The main character is Sam Vimes, a haggard, cynical, working-class street copper who, when introduced in Guards! Guards!, is the alcoholic Captain of the three-person Night Watch: lazy, cowardly, and none-too-bright Sergeant Fred Colon, and Corporal Nobby Nobbs, a petty thief in his own right. Then Carrot Ironfoundersson, a 6-foot-6-inch-tall (1.98 m) dwarf-by-adoption, comes down from the mountains to join the Watch and do real policing.

Other main characters include Angua, a werewolf; Detritus, a troll; Reg Shoe, a zombie and Dead Rights campaigner; Cuddy, a Dwarf who appears in Men at Arms; Golem Constable Dorfl; Cheery Littlebottom, the Watch's forensics expert, who is one of the first dwarves to be openly female (and who tried to rename herself "Cheri", but without success); Sam's wife, Lady Sybil Vimes (née Ramkin); Constable Visit-the-infidel-with-explanatory-pamphlets; Inspector A E Pessimal, recruited by Vimes as his adjutant when sent as an auditor by Havelock Vetinari, the Patrician of Ankh-Morpork. The City Watch have starred in eight Discworld stories, and have cameoed in a number of others, including Making Money, the children's book Where's My Cow?, and the short story "Theatre of Cruelty".

Pratchett stated on numerous occasions that the presence of the City Watch makes Ankh-Morpork stories "problematic", as stories set in the city that do not directly involve Vimes and the Watch often require a Watch presence to maintain the story—at which point, it becomes a Watch story by default.

The Wizards of the Unseen University (UU) have represented a strong thread through many of the Discworld novels, although the only books that they star in exclusively are The Science of the Discworld series and the novels Unseen Academicals and The Last Continent. In the early books, the faculty of UU changed frequently, as rising to the top usually involved assassination. However, with the ascension of the bombastic Mustrum Ridcully to the position of Archchancellor, the hierarchy has settled and characters have been given the chance to develop. The earlier books featuring the wizards also frequently dealt with the possible invasion of the Discworld by the creatures from the Dungeon Dimensions, Lovecraftian monsters that hunger for the magic and potential of the Discworld.

The wizards of UU employ the traditional "whizz-bang" type of magic seen in Dungeons & Dragons games, but also investigate the rules and structure of magic in terms highly reminiscent of particle physics. Prominent members include Ponder Stibbons, a geeky young wizard; Hex, the Disc's first computer/semi-sentient thinking engine; the Librarian, who was turned into an orangutan by magical accident, and who (sometimes violently) refuses to be turned back into a human; the Dean; the mentally unstable Bursar; the Chair of Indefinite Studies; the Lecturer in Recent Runes; and the Senior Wrangler. In later novels, Rincewind also joins their group, while the Dean leaves to become the Archchancellor of Brazeneck College in the nearby city of Pseudopolis.

The Wizards have featured prominently in nine Discworld books as well as starred in The Science of Discworld series and the short story "A Collegiate Casting-Out of Devilish Devices".

Tiffany Aching is a young apprentice witch in a series of Discworld books aimed at young adults. Her stories often parallel mythic heroes' quests, but also deal with Tiffany's difficulties as a young girl maturing into a responsible woman. She is aided in her task by the Nac Mac Feegle, a gang of blue-tattooed, 6-inch tall, hard-drinking, loud-mouthed pictsie creatures also called "The Wee Free Men" who serve as her guardians. She is the protagonist of five novels, The Wee Free Men, A Hat Full of Sky, Wintersmith, I Shall Wear Midnight, and The Shepherd's Crown. Major characters in this series include Miss Tick who is a travelling witch that discovers Tiffany, Nac Mac Feegle chieftain Rob Anybody, and the other young witches Annagramma Hawkin and Petulia Gristle. Both Granny Weatherwax and Nanny Ogg also appear in her stories.

Moist von Lipwig is a professional criminal and con man to whom Havelock Vetinari gives a "second chance" after staging his execution, recognising the advantages his jack-of-all-trades abilities will give to the development of the city. After putting him in charge of the Ankh-Morpork Post Office in Going Postal, with good results, Vetinari orders him to clear up the city's corrupt financial sector in Making Money. In a third book, Raising Steam, Vetinari directs Lipwig to oversee the development of a railway network for Dick Simnel's newly invented steam locomotive. Other characters in this series include Adora Belle Dearheart, Lipwig's acerbic, chain-smoking love interest; Gladys, a golem who develops a strange crush on Lipwig; Stanley Howler, an obsessive young man who was raised by peas and becomes the Discworld's first stamp collector; and the very old Junior Postman Groat, who never got promoted to Senior Postman because there was never a Postmaster alive long enough to promote him.

Several other books can be grouped together as "Other cultures of Discworld" books. They may contain characters or locations from other arcs, typically not as protagonist or antagonist but as a supporting character or even a throwaway reference. These include Pyramids (Djelibeybi), Small Gods (Omnia), and Monstrous Regiment (Zlobenia and Borogravia).

There are also a number of short stories by Pratchett based in the Discworld, including published miscellanea such as the fictional game origins of Thud. All are available in the anthology A Blink of the Screen (2012) as well as in the following locations:

• "Troll Bridge" – in After The King: Stories in honour of J. R. R. Tolkien (1992); reprinted in The Mammoth Book of Comic Fantasy edited by Mike Ashley (1998); available online[24]
• "Theatre of Cruelty" (1993); available online[25]
• "The Sea and Little Fishes" – in Legends (1998), anthology of novellas taking place within popular fantasy cycles edited by Robert Silverberg
• "Death and What Comes Next" (2002); available online[26]
• "A Collegiate Casting-Out of Devilish Devices" (2005) – first published in the 13 May 2005 issue of The Times Higher Education Supplement[27] included in certain editions of Snuff; available online[27]

Seven of the short stories or short writings were also collected in a compilation of the majority of Pratchett's known short work named Once More* With Footnotes (2004).

Additionally, another short story "Turntables of the Night" (1989) is set in England but features Death as a character; it is available online and in both anthologies.

Although Terry Pratchett said, "There are no maps. You can't map a sense of humour,"[28] there are four "Mapps": The Streets of Ankh-Morpork (1993), The Discworld Mapp (1995), A Tourist Guide to Lancre (1998), and Death's Domain (1999). The first two were drawn by Stephen Player, based on plans by Pratchett and Stephen Briggs, the third is a collaboration between Briggs and Paul Kidby, and the last is by Kidby. All also contain booklets written by Pratchett and Briggs. Terry later collaborated with the Discworld Emporium to produce two much larger works, each with the associated map with the book in a folder, The Compleat Ankh-Morpork City Guide (2012) and The Compleat Discworld Atlas (2015).[29]

Pratchett also collaborated with Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen on four books, using the Discworld to illuminate popular science topics. Each book alternates chapters of a Discworld story and notes on real science related to it. The books are:

• The Science of Discworld (1999). ISBN 978-0-09-186515-3.
• The Science of Discworld II: The Globe (2002). ISBN 978-0-09-188805-3.
• The Science of Discworld III: Darwin's Watch (2005). ISBN 978-0-09-189823-6.
• The Science of Discworld IV: Judgement Day (2013). ISBN 978-0-09-194979-2.

David Langford has compiled two Discworld quiz books:

• The Unseen University Challenge (1996), parodying the TV quiz show University Challenge. ISBN 978-0-575-60000-3.
• The Wyrdest Link (2002), parodying the TV quiz show The Weakest Link. ISBN 978-0-575-07319-7

Most years see the release of a Discworld Diary and Discworld Calendar, both usually following a particular theme.

The diaries feature background information about their themes. Some topics are later used in the series; the character of Miss Alice Band first appeared in the Assassins' Guild Yearbook, for example.

The Discworld Almanak – The Year of The Prawn has a similar format and general contents to the diaries.

Other Discworld publications include:

• The Josh Kirby Discworld Portfolio (1993) A collection of Josh Kirby's artwork, published by Paper Tiger. ISBN 978-1-85028-259-4.
• The Discworld Companion (1994) An encyclopedia of Discworld information, compiled by Pratchett and Briggs. ISBN 978-0-575-05764-7.
  • An updated version was released in 2003, titled The New Discworld Companion. ISBN 978-0-575-07555-9.
  • A further updated version was released in 2012, titled Turtle Recall: The Discworld Companion . . . So Far.[30] ISBN 978-0-575-09120-7.
  • A new updated version will be released in 2021, titled The Ultimate Discworld Companion. ISBN 978-1-473-22350-9.
• The Pratchett Portfolio (1996) A collection of Paul Kidby's artwork, with notes by Pratchett. ISBN 978-0-575-06348-8.
• Nanny Ogg's Cookbook (1999) A collection of Discworld recipes, combined with etiquette, language of flowers etc., written by Pratchett with Stephen Briggs and Tina Hannan. ISBN 978-0-385-60005-7.
• The Art of Discworld (2004) Another collection of Paul Kidby's art. ISBN 978-0-06-075827-1.
• The Discworld Almanak (2004) An almanac for the Discworld year, in the style of the Diaries and the Cookbook, written by Pratchett with Bernard Pearson. ISBN 978-0-385-60683-7.
• Where's My Cow? (2005) A Discworld picture book referenced in Thud! and Wintersmith, written by Pratchett with illustrations by Melvyn Grant. ISBN 978-0-385-60937-1.
• The Unseen University Cut Out Book (2006) Build your own Unseen University, written by Pratchett with Alan Batley and Bernard Pearson, published 1 October 2006. ISBN 978-0-385-60944-9
• The Wit and Wisdom of Discworld (2007) A collection of quotations from the series. ISBN 978-0-385-61177-0
• The Folklore of Discworld (2008) A collaboration with British folklorist Jacqueline Simpson, discussing the myths and folklore used in Discworld. ISBN 978-0-385-61100-8
• The World of Poo (2012) Another in-universe children's book (similar to Where's My Cow), referenced in Snuff. ISBN 978-0-85752-121-7
• The Compleat Ankh-Morpork: City Guide[31] (2012) The complete guide to the city of Ankh-Morpork. ISBN 978-0-85752-074-6
• Mrs Bradshaw's Handbook (2014)[32] ISBN 978-0-85752-243-6.

Most of Pratchett's novels have been released as audio cassette and CD audiobooks.

• Unabridged recordings of books 1–23 in the above list, except for books 3, 6 and 9, are read by Nigel Planer. Books 3 and 6 are read by Celia Imrie. Book 9 and most of the books from 24 onward are read by Stephen Briggs.
• Abridged versions are read by Tony Robinson.[35]
• Fantastic Audio also recorded two Discworld novels: Thief of Time[36] and Night Watch.[37]

The Colour of Magic, The Light Fantastic,[38] Mort,[39] Guards! Guards!,[40] and Small Gods[41] have been adapted into graphic novels.

Due in part to the complexity of the novels, Discworld has been difficult to adapt to film – Pratchett was fond of an anecdote of a producer attempting to pitch an adaptation of Mort in the early 1990s but was told to "lose the Death angle" by US backers.[42]

Cosgrove Hall produced several animated adaptations for Channel 4 from 1996 to 1997. All three star Christopher Lee as Death. These were made available on DVD and VHS in the US from Acorn Media.

• Welcome to the Discworld (1996) – an 8-minute animated television adaptation of a fragment of Reaper Man.
• Soul Music (1997) – also featuring Neil Morrissey and Graham Crowden. The soundtrack to Soul Music was also released on CD.
• Wyrd Sisters (1997) – starring Annette Crosbie, June Whitfield, Jane Horrocks and Les Dennis.

Three television movies were commissioned by Sky One in the late 2000s, each of which were broadcast in two parts. Terry Pratchett cameos as a minor character in all three.

• Terry Pratchett's Hogfather (2006), an adaptation of Hogfather with Ian Richardson as Death and David Jason as Albert. It was first broadcast in December 2006.[43][44]
• Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic (2008), based on both The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic, starring David Jason as Rincewind. Christopher Lee replaces the late Ian Richardson in the role of Death.[45][46]
• Terry Pratchett's Going Postal (2010), an adaptation of Going Postal starring Richard Coyle, David Suchet, Charles Dance, Claire Foy, Steve Pemberton, Andrew Sachs and Tamsin Greig.

• Run Rincewind Run! (2007): A Snowgum Films original story created for Nullus Anxietas. Stars Troy Larkin as Rincewind, and features Terry Pratchett as himself.
• Troll Bridge (2019): A live-action / hand-animated short film by the Australian group Snowgum Films.[47] It premiered at the Flickerfest International Film Festival in January 2019.[48]
• The Watch, a TV series inspired by[49] the Ankh-Morpork City Watch, The Watch has been in development by Terry and then Rhianna Pratchett since 2011.[50][51] It was greenlit as an eight-episode series by BBC America in October 2018, with Simon Allen as writer and Hilary Salmon, Ben Donald, Rob Wilkins and Phil Collinson as executive producers.[52][53]
• The Amazing Maurice, an animated film adaptation of The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents was in production as of late 2020.[54]

• Mort (2001): A fan movie adaptation of the eponymous novel by Orange Cow Production, 26 minutes.[55]
• Lords and Ladies (2005): A fan movie adaptation of Lords and Ladies by Almost No Budget Films was completed in Germany.[56]

There have been several BBC radio adaptations of Discworld stories, including:

• Eric (1990), a 4-part dramatised adaptation began airing on BBC Radio 4 on 6 March 2013.[57]
• Guards! Guards!, six 30-minutes episodes, first broadcast in 1992, narrated by Martin Jarvis[58]
• Mort, four 30-minutes episodes, first broadcast in 2004, starring Anton Lesser and Geoffrey Whitehead[59]
• Night Watch five 30-minutes episodes, first broadcast in 2008, starring Ben Onwukwe and Philip Jackson[60]
• Small Gods, four 30-minutes episodes, first broadcast in 2006, starring Anton Lesser[61]
• Wyrd Sisters, four 30-minutes episodes, first broadcast in 1995, starring Sheila Hancock, Lynda Baron and Deborah Berlin[62]

• Stephen Briggs published stage adaptations of 18 Discworld novels. Most of them were first produced by the Studio Theatre Club in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. They include adaptations of The Truth, Maskerade, Mort, Wyrd Sisters and Guards! Guards![63][64]
• Irana Brown directed her adaptation of Lords and Ladies, first performed in 1995 at the Winton Studio Theatre. Her adaptation was published in 2001 by Samuel French, and is still being performed as of 2016.[65][66]
• Allen Stroud directed his adaptation of Reaper Man in 1996, first performed at the Winton Studio Theatre. He retains the script version.[67] This was the first occasion that the character of Death appeared on stage.
• A stage version of Eric, adapted by Scott Harrison and Lee Harris, was produced and performed by The Dreaming Theatre Company in July 2003 inside Clifford's Tower, the 700-year-old castle keep in York.[68][69] It was revived in 2004 in a tour of England,[70] along with Robert Rankin's The Antipope.
• Small Gods was adapted for the stage by Ben Saunders and was performed in February 2011 at the Assembly Rooms Theatre, Durham by Ooook! Productions[71] and members of Durham Student Theatre. Ooook! Productions also adapted and staged[72] Terry Pratchett's Night Watch (February 2012), Thief of Time (February 2013; adapted by Tim Foster[73]), Lords and Ladies (February 2014, adapted by Irana Brown[74]), Monstrous Regiment (2015),[75] and Soul Music (February 2016; adapted by Imogen Eddleston).[76]
• A stage version of Monstrous Regiment was produced by Lifeline Theatre in Chicago, Illinois in June, July, and August 2014 with an adaptation written by one of Lifeline's ensemble members, Chris Hainsworth.[77]
• A stage musical version of Witches Abroad, adapted by Amy Atha-Nicholls, was performed at the 2016 International Discworld Convention.

• Thud, 2002, by Trevor Truran, publisher The Cunning Artificer. It resembles ancient Norse games such as Hnefatafl, and involves two unequal sides, Trolls and Dwarves with different moves and 'capture' abilities.[78]
• Guards Guards, 2011, by Backspindle Games (Designers: Leonard Boyd & David Brashaw), Published in conjunction with Z-Man Games. This is a 'quest' game where players have to manoeuvre their piece around the board collecting stolen spells to return to the Unseen University, while dealing with various Discworld characters.[79]
• Ankh-Morpork, 2011, by Martin Wallace, published by Treefrog Games. This is a game where each player has a secret victory condition, usually relating to owning buildings in, or controlling, various areas of the city of Ankh-Morpork. During the game, players play cards from their hand to place control elements in the city, remove other players' pieces, or otherwise manipulate the ownership of areas.[80]
• The Witches, 2013, by Martin Wallace, published by Treefrog Games. This is a game aimed at younger players. They must move around the town of Lancre and its surrounds, dealing with 'problems' ranging from a sick pig to an invasion by vampires. It is a semi-cooperative game, in that all players can lose if the game wins, but if they resolve all the problems, then one of them will win.[81]
• Clacks, 2014, by Backspindle Games (Designers: Leonard Boyd & David Brashaw), Published in conjunction with Z-Man Games. In this game players compete to send their 'message' on a clacks board while disrupting their opponents' messages. It resembles the game Amoeba.[82] with its constantly changing board.[83]
• The card game Cripple Mr Onion is adapted from the novels.

• Dave Greenslade: Terry Pratchett's From the Discworld (1994; Virgin CDV 2738.7243 8 39512 2 2).[84]
• Keith Hopwood: Soul Music—Terry Pratchett's Discworld, (1998; Proper Music Distribution / Pluto Music TH 030746), soundtrack to the animated adaptation of Soul Music.
• Steeleye Span: Wintersmith, (2013; Park Records), a collection of folk-rock songs based on the book Wintersmith and on other Tiffany Aching stories. There is a spoken contribution by Terry Pratchett.

Pratchett co-authored with Phil Masters two role-playing game supplements for Discworld, utilising the GURPS system:

• GURPS Discworld (republished as The Discworld Roleplaying Game)
• GURPS Discworld Also

• The Colour of Magic (Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64)
• Discworld MUD (online multiuser dungeon, 1991[85]), based on the novels[86]
• Discworld (PC/DOS, Macintosh, PlayStation, Saturn)
• Discworld II: Missing Presumed...!? (Discworld II: Mortality Bytes! in North America) (PC/Windows, PC/DOS, PlayStation, Saturn)
• Discworld Noir (PC/Windows, PlayStation)
• Discworld: The Colour of Magic (Mobile phone, 2006)

• Andrew M. Butler (2001). Terry Pratchett: The Pocket Essential Guide. Harpenden: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 1-903047-39-0.
• Creig Cabell (2011). Terry Pratchett. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 9781843588641.
• Marion Rana (2018). Terry Pratchett's Narrative Worlds: From Giant Turtles to Small Gods. Springer. ISBN 978-3319672984.

• David Buchbinder (2003). "The Orangutan in the Library The Comfort of Strangeness in Terry Pratchetts Discworld Novels". Youth Cultures: Texts, Images, and Identities. Greenwood Publishing Group. edited by Kerry Mallan, Sharyn Pearce. pp. 169–182. ISBN 0-275-97409-X.
• Peter Hunt (2005). "Chapter 3. Terry Pratchett". Alternative Worlds in Fantasy Fiction. A&C Black. pp. 86–121. ISBN 0826477607.
• David Langford (2003). Introduction to Terry Pratchett: Guilty of Literature (Up Through an Empty House of Stars ed.). pp. 256–262. ISBN 9781592240555. (см. также пересказ)
• Борис Невский (2004). "Самый плоский из миров" (журнал) (1) (Мир фантастики ed.). Москва: ТехноМир: 52–55. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Ядвига Тарса. ""Плоский мир" Терри Пратчетта – глобальная деревня сказок, мифов, цитат и аллюзий" (PDF): 313–316. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

• Sandra L. Beckett (2009). "Chapter Four All Ages Fantasy". Crossover Fiction: Global and Historical Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9780415879361.
• Graham Harvey (2006). "Discworld and Otherworld: The Imaginative Use of Fantasy Literature". Popular Spiritualities: The Politics of Contemporary Enchantment. Ashgate Publishing. edited by Lynne Hume, Kathleen McPhillips. pp. 43–45. ISBN 9780754639992.

• Gideon Haberkorn, Verena Reinhardt (2011). Magic Adolescence and Education on Terry Pratchetts Discworld. Lexington Books. pp. 43–64. ISBN 9780739128596.
• Kristin Noone (2010). "Shakespeare in Discworld: Witches, Fantasy, and Desire" (21): 26–40. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Bibliographies

• Anne Hiebert Alton, William C. Spruiell (2014). Discworld and the Disciplines: Critical Approaches to the Terry Pratchett Works. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474646.
• Aleksander Rzyman (6 January 2017). The Intertextuality of Terry Pratchett's Discworld as a Major Challenge for the Translator. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443870016.