Member state of the European Union

Member state of the European Union
Member state of the European Union
	Map (clickable)
Category	Member state
Location	European Union
Created	1952/1958/1993[note 1];
Number	27 (as of 2021)
Possible types	Republics (21); Monarchies (6);
Populations	447,206,135 (2020)[1]
Areas	4,233,255 km2 (1,634,469 sq mi)
Government	Parliamentary representative democracy (21); Semi-presidential representative democracy (5); Presidential representative democracy (1);

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are signatories to the founding treaties of the union and thereby share in the privileges and obligations of membership. They have agreed by the treaties to share their own sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some, but not all, aspects of government. State governments must agree unanimously in the Council for the union to adopt some policies; for others, collective decisions are made by qualified majority voting. These obligations and sharing of sovereignty within the EU (sometimes referred to as supranational) make it unique among international organisations, as it has established its own legal order which by the provisions of the founding treaties is both legally binding and supreme on all the member states (after a landmark ruling of the ECJ in 1964). A founding principle of the union is the principle of subsidiarity, meaning that decisions are taken collectively if and only if they cannot realistically be taken individually.

Another notable and unique feature of membership are the commissioners of the European Commission, who are appointed by each of the governments of the member states but do not represent their member state but instead work collectively in the interests of all the member states.

In the 1950s, six core states founded the EU's predecessor European Communities (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. To accede, a state must fulfil the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria, which require a candidate to have a democratic government and free-market economy together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the rule of law. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the acquis communautaire.

The United Kingdom, which had acceded in 1973, ceased to be an EU member state on 31 January 2020. No other member state has ever withdrawn from the EU and none has ever been suspended, although some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas have left.

List

List of European Union member states
Name	Accession	Population[2]	Area (km²)	GDP (US$ M)	GDP (PPP) per cap.[3][4]	Currency	Gini[5]	HDI[6]	MEPs	Languages
Austria	1995	8,926,000	83,855	447,718	55,406	euro	29.1	0.922	19	German
Belgium	1957Founder	11,566,041	30,528	517,609	50,114	euro	33.0	0.931	21	Dutch French German
Bulgaria	2007	6,916,548	110,994	66,250	23,741	lev	29.2	0.816	17	Bulgarian
Croatia	2013	4,036,355	56,594	60,702	27,681	kuna	29	0.851	12	Croatian
Cyprus[lower-alpha 1]	2004	896,000	9,251	24,280	39,079	euro	31.2	0.887	6	Greek Turkish[lower-alpha 2]
Czech Republic	2004	10,574,153	78,866	246,953	40,293	koruna	25.8	0.900	21	Czech[lower-alpha 3]
Denmark[lower-alpha 4]	1973	5,833,883	43,075	347,176	57,781	krone	24.7	0.940	14	Danish
Estonia	2004	1,330,068	45,227	31,038	37,033	euro	36.0	0.892	7	Estonian
Finland[lower-alpha 5]	1995	5,527,493	338,424	269,654	49,334	euro	26.9	0.938	14	Finnish Swedish
France[lower-alpha 6]	1957Founder	67,439,614	632,833[7]	2,707,074	45,454	euro	32.7	0.901	79	French
Germany	1957Founder[lower-alpha 7]	83,120,520	357,386	3,863,344	53,571	euro	31.9	0.947	96	German
Greece	1981	10,682,547	131,990	214,012	29,045	euro	34.3	0.888	21	Greek
Hungary	2004	9,730,772	93,030	170,407	32,434	forint	30.0	0.854	21	Hungarian
Ireland	1973	5,006,324	70,273	384,940	89,383	euro	34.3	0.955	13	English Irish
Italy	1957Founder	59,862,348	301,338	1,988,636	40,065	euro	36.0	0.892	76	Italian
Latvia	2004	1,893,223	64,589	35,045	30,579	euro	35.7	0.866	8	Latvian
Lithuania	2004	2,795,680	65,200	53,641	38,605	euro	35.8	0.882	11	Lithuanian
Luxembourg	1957Founder	633,347	2,586.4	69,453	112,875	euro	30.8	0.916	6	French German Luxembourgish[lower-alpha 8]
Malta	2004	516,100	316	14,859	43,086	euro	25.8	0.895	6	Maltese English
Netherlands[lower-alpha 9]	1957Founder	17,614,840	41,543	902,355	57,101	euro	30.9	0.944	29	Dutch Frisian[lower-alpha 10]
Poland	2004	37,840,001	312,685	565,854	33,739	złoty	34.9	0.880	52	Polish
Portugal[lower-alpha 11]	1986	10,298,252[8]	92,212[9]	236,408	33,131	euro	32.1[10]	0.864	21	Portuguese[lower-alpha 12]
Romania	2007	19,186,201	238,391	243,698	30,141	leu	31.5	0.828	33	Romanian
Slovakia	2004	5,459,781	49,035	106,552	32,184	euro	25.8	0.860	14	Slovak
Slovenia	2004	2,108,977	20,273	54,154	38,506	euro	31.2	0.917	8	Slovene
Spain[lower-alpha 13]	1986	47,394,223	504,030	1,397,870	38,143	euro	32.0	0.904	59	Spanish Galician Catalan Occitan Basque[lower-alpha 14]
Sweden	1995	10,370,000	449,964	528,929	52,477	krona	25.0	0.945	21	Swedish
Totals/Averages	—	447,562,291	4,224,488.4	15,687,843	35,083	—	(avg) 30.8	(avg) 0.897	705	—

Notes

De facto (though not de jure) excludes the disputed territory of Turkish Cyprus and the U.N. buffer zone. See: Cyprus dispute.
The Turkish language is not an official language of the European Union.
Officially recognised minority languages:
- Slovak
- German
- Polish
- Belarusian
- Bulgarian
- Croatian
- Greek
- Hungarian
- Romani
- Russian
- Rusyn
- Serbian
- Ukrainian
- Vietnamese
Excludes the autonomous regions of Greenland, which left the then-EEC in 1985, and the Faroe Islands.
Includes Åland, an autonomous region of Finland.
Includes the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and the overseas collectivity of Saint Martin. Excludes the overseas collectivities of French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna; the special collectivity of New Caledonia; Clipperton Island; and the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, automatically becoming part of the EU.
The Luxembourgish language is not an official language of the European Union.
Excludes the three special municipalities of the Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba). Also excludes the three other constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten).
The Frisian language is not an official language of the European Union.
Includes the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira.
Mirandese is an officially recognized minority language. The law provides for its promotion and allows its usage for local matters in Miranda do Douro municipality. It is not an official language of the European Union.
Includes the autonomous community of the Canary Islands; the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla; and the territories comprising the plazas de soberanía.
Basque, Catalan/Valencian, Occitan and Galician are co-official languages with Castilian Spanish in their respective territories, allowing their use in EU institutions under limited circumstances.[11]

Outermost regions

There are a number of overseas member state territories which are legally part of the EU, but have certain exemptions based on their remoteness; see Overseas Countries and Territories Association. These "outermost regions" have partial application of EU law and in some cases are outside of Schengen or the EU VAT area—however they are legally within the EU.[12] They all use the euro as their currency.

Territory	Member State	Location	Area km²	Population	Per capita GDP (EU=100)	EU VAT area	Schengen Area
Azores	Portugal	Atlantic Ocean	2,333	237,900	66.7	Yes	Yes
Canary Islands	Spain	Atlantic Ocean	7,447	1,715,700	93.7	No	Yes
French Guiana	France	South America	84,000	161,100	50.5	No	No
Guadeloupe	France	Caribbean	1,710	425,700	50.5	No	No
Madeira	Portugal	Atlantic Ocean	795	244,800	94.9	Yes	Yes
Saint-Martin	France	Caribbean	52	25,000	61.9	No	No
Martinique	France	Caribbean	1,080	383,300	75.6	No	No
Mayotte[13]	France	Indian Ocean	374	212,645		No	No
Réunion	France	Indian Ocean	2,512	837,868	61.6	No	No

Abbreviations

Abbreviations have been used as a shorthand way of grouping countries by their date of accession.

EU15 includes the fifteen countries in the European Union from 1 January 1995 to 1 May 2004. The EU15 comprised Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom.[14] Eurostat still uses this expression.
EU19 includes the countries in the EU15 as well as the central European member countries of the OECD: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic.[15]
EU11 is used to refer to the Central, Eastern and Baltic European member states that joined in 2004, 2007 and 2013: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.[16][17]
EU27 means all the member states. It was originally used in this sense from 2007 until Croatia's accession in 2013, and during the Brexit negotiations from 2017 until the United Kingdom's withdrawal on 31 January 2020 it came to mean all members except the UK.
EU28 meant all the member states from the accession of Croatia in 2013 to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom in 2020.

Additionally, other abbreviations have been used to refer to countries which have limited access to the EU labour market.[18]

A8 is eight of the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.
A2 is the countries that joined the EU in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania.

Changes in membership

Enlargement

Member states of the European Union (dark blue) (1993–present). Pre-1993, the EU was known as the European Communities (sky blue). Animated in order of accession and secession.

According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free-market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, such as adopting all previously agreed law (the 170,000 pages of acquis communautaire) and switching to the euro.[19] For a state to join the European Union, the prior approval of all current member states is required. In addition to enlargement by adding new countries, the EU can also expand by having territories of member states, which are outside the EU, integrate more closely (for example in respect to the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles) or by a territory of a member state which had previously seceded and then rejoined (see withdrawal below).

Suspension

There is no provision to expel a member state, but TEU Article 7 provides for the suspension of certain rights. Introduced in the Treaty of Amsterdam, Article 7 outlines that if a member persistently breaches the EU's founding principles (liberty, democracy, human rights and so forth, outlined in TEU Article 2) then the European Council can vote to suspend any rights of membership, such as voting and representation. Identifying the breach requires unanimity (excluding the state concerned), but sanctions require only a qualified majority.[20]

The state in question would still be bound by the obligations treaties and the Council acting by majority may alter or lift such sanctions. The Treaty of Nice included a preventive mechanism whereby the Council, acting by majority, may identify a potential breach and make recommendations to the state to rectify it before action is taken against it as outlined above.[20] However, the treaties do not provide any mechanism to expel a member state outright.[21]

Withdrawal

Prior to the Lisbon Treaty there was no provision or procedure within any of the Treaties of the European Union for a member state to withdraw from the European Union or its predecessor organisations. The Lisbon Treaty changed this and included the first provision and procedure of a member state to leave the bloc. The procedure for a state to leave is outlined in TEU Article 50 which also makes clear that "Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements". Although it calls for a negotiated withdrawal between the seceding state and the rest of the EU, if no agreement is reached two years after the seceding state notifying of its intention to leave, it would cease to be subject to the treaties anyway (thus ensuring a right to unilateral withdrawal).[21] There is no formal limit to how much time a member state can take between adopting a policy of withdrawal, and actually triggering Article 50.

In a non-binding referendum in June 2016—the result of which the government promised to implement—the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU. The UK government triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017.[22] After an extended period of negotiation and internal political debate the United Kingdom eventually withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020 concluding the first phase of the Brexit process.

Prior to 2016, no member state had ever voted to withdraw. However, French Algeria, Greenland and Saint-Barthélemy did cease being part of the EU (or its predecessor) in 1962, 1985, and 2012, respectively, due to status changes. The situation of Greenland being outside the EU while still subject to an EU member state had been discussed as a template for the pro-EU regions of the UK remaining within the EU or its single market.[23]

Beyond the formal withdrawal of a member state, there are a number of independence movements such as Catalonia or Flanders which could result in a similar situation to Greenland. Were a territory of a member state to secede but wish to remain in the EU, some scholars claim it would need to reapply to join as if it were a new country applying from scratch.[24] However, other studies claim internal enlargement is legally viable if, in case of a member state dissolution or secession, the resulting states are all considered successor states.[25] There is also a European Citizens' Initiative that aims at guaranteeing the continuity of rights and obligations of the European citizens belonging to a new state arising from the democratic secession of a European Union member state.[26]

As of 2022, the United Kingdom is the only former member state. The government of the United Kingdom formally initiated the process of the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 29 March 2017 by triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on the EU, following a June 2016 referendum. The withdrawal was scheduled in law to occur on 29 March 2019.[27] Subsequently, the UK sought, and was granted, a number of Article 50 extensions until 31 January 2020. On 23 January 2020, the Withdrawal agreement was ratified by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and on 29 January 2020 by the European Parliament. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 at 23:00 GMT, ending 47 years of membership.[28][29]

Representation

A 2011 'family photo' of the European Council, which comprises the heads of state or government of the member states, along with President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission

Each state has representation in the institutions of the European Union. Full membership gives the government of a member state a seat in the Council of the European Union and European Council. When decisions are not being taken by consensus, qualified majority voting (which requires majorities both of the number of states and of the population they represent, but a sufficient blocking minority can veto the proposal). The Presidency of the Council of the European Union rotates among each of the member states, allowing each state six months to help direct the agenda of the EU.[30][31]

Similarly, each state is assigned seats in Parliament according to their population (smaller countries receiving more seats per inhabitant than the larger ones). The members of the European Parliament have been elected by universal suffrage since 1979 (before that, they were seconded from national parliaments).[32][33]

The national governments appoint one member each to the European Commission, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Auditors. Prospective Commissioners must be confirmed both by the President of the Commission and by the European Parliament; prospective justices must be confirmed by the existing members. Historically, larger member states were granted an extra Commissioner. However, as the body grew, this right has been removed and each state is represented equally. The six largest states are also granted an Advocates General in the Court of Justice. Finally, the Governing Council of the European Central Bank includes the governors of the national central banks (who may or may not be government appointed) of each euro area country.[34]

The larger states traditionally carry more weight in negotiations, however smaller states can be effective impartial mediators and citizens of smaller states are often appointed to sensitive top posts to avoid competition between the larger states. This, together with the disproportionate representation of the smaller states in terms of votes and seats in parliament, gives the smaller EU states a greater power of influence than is normally attributed to a state of their size. However most negotiations are still dominated by the larger states. This has traditionally been largely through the "Franco-German motor" but Franco-German influence has diminished slightly following the influx of new members in 2004 (see G6).[35]

Sovereignty

Article 4

In accordance with Article 5, competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states.

The Union shall respect the equality of member states before the Treaties as well as their national identities, inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, inclusive of regional and local self-government. It shall respect their essential State functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. In particular, national security remains the sole responsibility of each member state.

Pursuant to the principle of sincere cooperation, the Union and the member states shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Treaties. The member states shall take any appropriate measure, general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties or resulting from the acts of the institutions of the Union. The member states shall facilitate the achievement of the Union's tasks and refrain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the Union's objectives.

– Article 4 of the Treaty on European Union

While the member states are sovereign, the union partially follows a supranational system for those functions agreed by treaty to be shared. ("Competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states"). Previously limited to European Community matters, the practice, known as the 'community method', is currently used in many areas of policy. Combined sovereignty is delegated by each member to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions. This practice is often referred to as 'pooling of sovereignty'. Those institutions are then empowered to make laws and execute them at a European level.

If a state fails to comply with the law of the European Union, it may be fined or have funds withdrawn.

In contrast to some international organisations, the EU's style of integration as a union of states does not "emphasise sovereignty or the separation of domestic and foreign affairs [and it] has become a highly developed system for mutual interference in each other's domestic affairs, right down to beer and sausages.".[36] However, on defence and foreign policy issues (and, pre-Lisbon Treaty, police and judicial matters) less sovereignty is transferred, with issues being dealt with by unanimity and co-operation. Very early on in the history of the EU, the unique state of its establishment and pooling of sovereignty was emphasised by the Court of Justice:[37]

By creating a Community of unlimited duration, having its own institutions, its own personality, its own legal capacity and capacity of representation on the international plane and, more particularly, real powers stemming from a limitation of sovereignty or a transfer of powers from the States to Community, the Member States have limited their sovereign rights and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves...The transfer by the States from their domestic legal system to the Community legal system of the rights and obligations arising under the Treaty carries with it a permanent limitation of their sovereign rights.
— European Court of Justice 1964, in reference to case of Costa v ENEL[38]

The question of whether Union law is superior to State law is subject to some debate. The treaties do not give a judgement on the matter but court judgements have established EU's law superiority over national law and it is affirmed in a declaration attached to the Treaty of Lisbon (the proposed European Constitution would have fully enshrined this). The legal systems of some states also explicitly accept the Court of Justice's interpretation, such as France and Italy, however in Poland it does not override the state's constitution, which it does in Germany. The exact areas where the member states have given legislative competence to the Union are as follows. Every area not mentioned remains with member states.[39]

Competences

In EU terminology, the term 'competence' means 'authority or responsibility to act'. The table below shows which aspects of governance are exclusively for collective action (through the Commission) and which are shared to a greater or lesser extent. If an aspect is not listed in the table below, then it remains the exclusive competence of the member state. Perhaps the best known example is taxation, which remains a matter of state sovereignty.

Competences of the European Union in relation to those of its member states[40]

Exclusive competence

Shared competence

Supporting competence

The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act as to …

the customs union
the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market
monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the euro
the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy
Common Commercial Policy
conclusion of certain international agreements

Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so, that is …

the internal market
social policy, for the aspects defined in the Consolidated Treaty
economic, social and territorial cohesion
agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources
environment
consumer protection
transport
trans-European networks
energy
the area of freedom, security and justice
common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty

Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in …

research, technological development and (outer) space
development cooperation, humanitarian aid

The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to their common policies not covered elsewhere in …

the coordination of economic, employment and social policies
common foreign, security and defence policies

The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in …

the protection and improvement of human health
industry
culture
tourism
education, youth, sport and vocational training
civil protection (disaster prevention)
administrative cooperation

Conditional mutual support

As a result of the European sovereign debt crisis, some eurozone states were given a bailout from their fellow members via the European Financial Stability Facility and European Financial Stability Mechanism (replaced by the European Stability Mechanism from 2013), but this came with conditions. As a result of the Greek government-debt crisis, Greece accepted a large austerity plan including privatisations and a sell off of state assets in exchange for their bailout. To ensure that Greece complied with the conditions set by the European troika (ECB, IMF, Commission), a 'large-scale technical assistance' from the European Commission and other member states was deployed to Greek government ministries. Some, including the President of the Euro Group Jean-Claude Juncker, stated that "the sovereignty of Greece will be massively limited."[41][42][43] The situation of the bailed out countries (Greece, Portugal and Ireland) has been described as being a ward[44][45] or protectorate[43][46][47] of the EU with some such as the Netherlands calling for a formalisation of the situation.[48]

Multi-speed integration

EU integration is not always symmetrical, with some states proceeding with integration ahead of hold-outs. This comes in two forms; a faster integrated core where some states forge ahead with a new project, and opt-outs where a few states are excused from normal integration. The notion of multi-speed integration is anathema to some, including President Juncker, who see it as divisive to the European project and others, such as the less-integrated states, who feel they would be left behind. It is however supported by others, such as President Macron, to move forward in integration faster.[49][50]

Enhanced cooperation

There are several different forms of closer integration both within and outside the EU's normal framework. The main mechanism is enhanced cooperation where nine or more states can use EU structures progress in a field that not all states are willing to partake in. One example of this is the European Public Prosecutor.[51] A similar mechanism is Permanent Structured Cooperation in Defence, where the majority of EU states work in a flexible manner on defence cooperation. Other projects, such as the European Fiscal Compact, operate between EU members but as a separate intergovernmental treaty outside of the official EU structures.[52]

Opt-outs

A number of states are less integrated into the EU than others. In most cases this is because those states have gained an opt-out from a certain policy area. The most notable is the opt-out from the Economic and Monetary Union, the adoption of the euro as sole legal currency. Most states outside the Eurozone are obliged to adopt the euro when they are ready, but Denmark (and formerly the United Kingdom) has obtained the right to retain their own independent currency.

Ireland does not participate in the Schengen Agreement. Denmark has an opt out from the Common Security and Defence Policy; Denmark and Ireland have an opt-out on police and justice matters and Poland has an opt out from the Charter of Fundamental Rights.[53]

Political systems

presidential republic

semi-presidential republic

parliamentary republic

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

The admission of a new state the Union is limited to liberal democracies and Freedom House ranks all EU states as being totally free electoral democracies.[54] All but 4 are ranked at the top 1.0 rating.[55] However, the exact political system of a state is not limited, with each state having its own system based on its historical evolution.

More than half of member states—15 out of 27—are parliamentary republics, while six states are constitutional monarchies, meaning they have a monarch although political powers are exercised by elected politicians. Most republics and all the monarchies operate a parliamentary system whereby the head of state (president or monarch) has a largely ceremonial role with reserve powers. That means most power is in the hands of what is called in most of those countries the prime minister, who is accountable to the national parliament. Of the remaining republics, five operate a semi-presidential system, where competences are shared between the president and prime minister, while one republic operates a presidential system, where the president is head of both state and government.

Parliamentary structure in member states varies: there are 15 unicameral national parliaments and 12 bicameral parliaments. The prime minister and government are usually directly accountable to the directly elected lower house and require its support to stay in office—the exceptions being Cyprus and France with their presidential systems. Upper houses are composed differently in different member states: it can be directly elected like the Polish senate; indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures like the Federal Council of Austria; or unelected, but representing certain interest groups like the National Council of Slovenia. All elections in member states use some form of proportional representation. The most common type of proportional representation is the party-list system.

There are also differences in the level of self-governance for the sub-regions of a member state. Most states, especially the smaller ones, are unitary states; meaning all major political power is concentrated at the national level. 9 states allocate power to more local levels of government. Austria, Belgium and Germany are full federations, meaning their regions have constitutional autonomies. Denmark, Finland, France and the Netherlands are federacies, meaning some regions have autonomy but most do not. Spain and Italy have systems of devolution where regions have autonomy, but the national government retains the legal right to revoke it.[56]

States such as France have a number of overseas territories, retained from their former empires.

Related states

A clickable Euler diagram^[file] showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements.

There are a number of neighbouring foreign countries with strong links with the EU, similar to elements of membership. Following Norway's decision not to join the EU, it remained one of the members of the European Economic Area (EEA) via the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which also includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. Switzerland rejected membership of the EEA. The EEA links these countries into the EU's market, extending the four freedoms to these states. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of EU law (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). The democratic repercussions of this have been described by commentators as "fax democracy" (waiting for new laws to be faxed in from Brussels rather than being involved in drafting them).[57]

A different example is Bosnia and Herzegovina, which has been under international supervision. The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is an international administrator who has wide-ranging powers over Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the peace agreement is respected. The High Representative is also the EU's representative, and is in practice appointed by the EU. In this role, and since a major ambition of Bosnia and Herzegovina is to join the EU, the country has become a de facto protectorate of the EU. The EU appointed representative has the power to impose legislation and dismiss elected officials and civil servants, meaning the EU has greater direct control over Bosnia and Herzegovina than its own states. Indeed, the state's flag resembles the EU's flag according to some observers.[58]

In the same manner as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo is under heavy EU influence, particularly after the de facto transfer from UN to EU authority. In theory Kosovo is supervised by EU missions, with justice and policing personal training and helping to build up the state institutions. However the EU mission does enjoy certain executive powers over the state and has a responsibility to maintain stability and order.[59] Like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo has been termed an "EU protectorate".[60][61][62]

However, there is also the largely defunct term of associate member. It has occasionally been applied to states that have signed an association agreement with the EU. Associate membership is not a formal classification and does not entitle the state to any of the representation of free movement rights that full membership allows. The term is almost unheard of in the modern context and was primarily used in the earlier days of the EU with countries such as Greece and Turkey. Turkey's association agreement was the 1963 Ankara Agreement, implying that Turkey became an associate member that year.[63][64] Present association agreements include the Stabilisation and Association Agreements with the western Balkans; these states are no longer termed "associate members".

On 24 December 2020, it was announced that the United Kingdom and the European Union had agreed a post-Brexit trade deal, to take effect after the transition period expires on 1 January 2021.[65]

Notes

The first states first formed the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 and then created the parallel European Economic Community in 1958. Although the latter was later, it is more often considered the immediate predecessor to the EU. The former has always shared the same membership and has since been absorbed by the EU, which was formally established in 1993.

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"Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto... - Sociedade - PUBLICO.PT". 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012.
"Índice de Gini (percentagem)". www.pordata.pt. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
"Regional and minority languages in the European Union" (PDF) (PDF). European Parliament Members' Research Service. September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
Regional policy & outermost regions Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, European Commission
"Council Directive 2013/61/EU of December 2013" (PDF). 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
"OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EU15 Definition". stats.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
"OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EU21 Definition". stats.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
Vértesy, László (2018). "Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries" (PDF). Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review. 3. No. 1. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
Loichinger, Elke; Madzarevic-Sujster, Sanja; Vincelette, Gallina A.; Laco, Matija; Korczyc, Ewa (1 June 2013). "EU11 regular economic report": 1–92. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Who are the "A8 countries"?". 24 April 2005. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
"Accession criteria". Europa. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
Suspension clause Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Europa glossary. Retrieved 22 December 2017
Athanassiou, Phoebus (December 2009) Withdrawal and Expulsion from the EU and EMU, Some Reflections Archived 20 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), European Central Bank. Retrieved 8 September 2011
Elgot, Jessica (2 October 2016). "Theresa May to trigger article 50 by end of March 2017". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Could a ‘reverse Greenland’ arrangement keep Scotland and Northern Ireland in the EU? Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, London School of Economics 7 July 2016
Happold, Matthew (1999) Scotland Europa: independence in Europe? Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for European Reform. Retrieved 14 June 2010 (PDF)
The Internal Enlargement of the European Union, Centre Maurits Coppieters Foundation Archived 3 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
"英語ぺらぺら君中級編で余った時間を有効活用する". www.euinternalenlargement.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
"Confirmation of UK Government agreement to Article 50 extension". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
"Brexit: MPS back Boris Johnson's plan to leave EU on 31 January". BBC News. 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
"Brexit: European Parliament overwhelmingly backs terms of UK's exit". BBC News. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
"The presidency of the Council of the EU". Europa (web portal). The Council of the EU. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016. The presidency of the Council rotates among the EU member states every 6 months
"European Union – Guide". politics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2016. Member states take it in turns to assume the presidency of the Council of Ministers for six months at a time in accordance with a pre-established rota.
"The European Parliament: Historical Background". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"Previous UK European elections". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Archived from the original on 24 April 2003. Retrieved 14 May 2016. The 1951 treaty which created the European Coal and Steel Community (a precursor to the European Economic Community and later European Union) provided for a representative assembly of members drawn from the participating nations' national parliaments. In June 1979, the nine EEC countries held the first direct elections to the European Parliament.
"Governing Council". European Central Bank. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Peel, Q; et al. (26 March 2010). "Deal shows Merkel has staked out strong role]". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Cooper, Robert (7 April 2002) Why we still need empires Archived 21 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian (London)
ECJ opinion on Costa vs ENEL Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Eur-Lex
Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964. Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Giudice conciliatore di Milano - Italy. Case 6-64. Archived 29 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Eur-Lex
Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Tables of equivalences Archived 27 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Eur-Lex
As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
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Mahony, Honor (4 July 2011) Greece faces 'massive' loss of sovereignty Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, EUobserver
Athens becomes EU 'protectorate' Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine To Ethnos via PressEurop 4 July 2011
Fitzgerald, Kyran (15 October 2011) Reform agenda’s leading light Archived 23 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Irish Examiner
Coy, Peter (13 January 2011) If Demography Is Destiny, Then India Has the Edge Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg
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Phillips, Leigh (7 September 2011). "Netherlands: Indebted states must be made 'wards' of the commission or leave euro". EU Observer. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
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Macron revives multi-speed Europe idea Archived 29 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, EUObserver 30 August 2017
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External links

Member states – Europa

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[8] De facto (though not de jure) excludes the disputed territory of Turkish Cyprus and the U.N. buffer zone. See: Cyprus dispute.

[9] The Turkish language is not an official language of the European Union.

[10] Officially recognised minority languages:
Slovak
German
Polish
Belarusian
Bulgarian
Croatian
Greek
Hungarian
Romani
Russian
Rusyn
Serbian
Ukrainian
Vietnamese

[4] Slovak

[5] German

[6] Polish

[7] Belarusian

[8] Bulgarian

[9] Croatian

[10] Greek

[11] Hungarian

[12] Romani

[13] Russian

[14] Rusyn

[15] Serbian

[16] Ukrainian

[17] Vietnamese

[11] Excludes the autonomous regions of Greenland, which left the then-EEC in 1985, and the Faroe Islands.

[12] Includes Åland, an autonomous region of Finland.

[13] Includes the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and the overseas collectivity of Saint Martin. Excludes the overseas collectivities of French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna; the special collectivity of New Caledonia; Clipperton Island; and the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.

[15] On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, automatically becoming part of the EU.

[16] The Luxembourgish language is not an official language of the European Union.

[17] Excludes the three special municipalities of the Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba). Also excludes the three other constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten).

[18] The Frisian language is not an official language of the European Union.

[19] Includes the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira.

[23] Mirandese is an officially recognized minority language. The law provides for its promotion and allows its usage for local matters in Miranda do Douro municipality. It is not an official language of the European Union.

[24] Includes the autonomous community of the Canary Islands; the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla; and the territories comprising the plazas de soberanía.

[26] Basque, Catalan/Valencian, Occitan and Galician are co-official languages with Castilian Spanish in their respective territories, allowing their use in EU institutions under limited circumstances.[11]

[1] The first states first formed the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 and then created the parallel European Economic Community in 1958. Although the latter was later, it is more often considered the immediate predecessor to the EU. The former has always shared the same membership and has since been absorbed by the EU, which was formally established in 1993.

[population-2] "Population on 1st January by age, sex and type of projection". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[council_procedure-3] "Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2021/2320 of 22 December 2021 amending the Council's Rules of Procedure". Decision No. 2021/2320 of 22 December 2021. Council of the European Union.

[auto1-4] t purchasing power parity, per capita, in international dollars (rounded)

[:0-5] "IMF". www.imf.org. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[GINI09-6] "worldbank.org".

[HDI-7] "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 12 August 2021.

[14] Anonymous (5 July 2016). "Living in the EU - European Union - European Commission". European Union. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.

[20] "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2019.

[21] "Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto... - Sociedade - PUBLICO.PT". 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012.

[22] "Índice de Gini (percentagem)". www.pordata.pt. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[MinorityLangauges-25] "Regional and minority languages in the European Union" (PDF) (PDF). European Parliament Members' Research Service. September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

[27] Regional policy & outermost regions Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, European Commission

[CD_2013/61/EU-28] "Council Directive 2013/61/EU of December 2013" (PDF). 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014.

[29] "OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EU15 Definition". stats.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

[30] "OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EU21 Definition". stats.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

[31] Vértesy, László (2018). "Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries" (PDF). Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review. 3. No. 1. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

[32] Loichinger, Elke; Madzarevic-Sujster, Sanja; Vincelette, Gallina A.; Laco, Matija; Korczyc, Ewa (1 June 2013). "EU11 regular economic report": 1–92. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[33] "Who are the "A8 countries"?". 24 April 2005. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[34] "Accession criteria". Europa. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.

[suspend-35] Suspension clause Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Europa glossary. Retrieved 22 December 2017

[expel-36] Athanassiou, Phoebus (December 2009) Withdrawal and Expulsion from the EU and EMU, Some Reflections Archived 20 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), European Central Bank. Retrieved 8 September 2011

[GuardianMay-37] Elgot, Jessica (2 October 2016). "Theresa May to trigger article 50 by end of March 2017". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

[38] Could a ‘reverse Greenland’ arrangement keep Scotland and Northern Ireland in the EU? Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, London School of Economics 7 July 2016

[39] Happold, Matthew (1999) Scotland Europa: independence in Europe? Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for European Reform. Retrieved 14 June 2010 (PDF)

[40] The Internal Enlargement of the European Union, Centre Maurits Coppieters Foundation Archived 3 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)

[41] "英語ぺらぺら君中級編で余った時間を有効活用する". www.euinternalenlargement.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

[42] "Confirmation of UK Government agreement to Article 50 extension". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

[43] "Brexit: MPS back Boris Johnson's plan to leave EU on 31 January". BBC News. 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.

[44] "Brexit: European Parliament overwhelmingly backs terms of UK's exit". BBC News. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.

[45] "The presidency of the Council of the EU". Europa (web portal). The Council of the EU. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016. The presidency of the Council rotates among the EU member states every 6 months

[46] "European Union – Guide". politics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2016. Member states take it in turns to assume the presidency of the Council of Ministers for six months at a time in accordance with a pre-established rota.

[47] "The European Parliament: Historical Background". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

[48] "Previous UK European elections". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Archived from the original on 24 April 2003. Retrieved 14 May 2016. The 1951 treaty which created the European Coal and Steel Community (a precursor to the European Economic Community and later European Union) provided for a representative assembly of members drawn from the participating nations' national parliaments. In June 1979, the nine EEC countries held the first direct elections to the European Parliament.

[49] "Governing Council". European Central Bank. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

[50] Peel, Q; et al. (26 March 2010). "Deal shows Merkel has staked out strong role]". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.

[51] Cooper, Robert (7 April 2002) Why we still need empires Archived 21 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian (London)

[52] ECJ opinion on Costa vs ENEL Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Eur-Lex

[53] Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964. Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Giudice conciliatore di Milano - Italy. Case 6-64. Archived 29 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Eur-Lex

[54] Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Tables of equivalences Archived 27 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Eur-Lex

[55] As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

[56] Kirschbaum, Erik (3 July 2011) Kirschbaum, Erik (3 July 2011). "Greek sovereignty to be massively limited: Juncker". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[57] Mahony, Honor (4 July 2011) Greece faces 'massive' loss of sovereignty Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, EUobserver

[protectorate-58] Athens becomes EU 'protectorate' Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine To Ethnos via PressEurop 4 July 2011

[59] Fitzgerald, Kyran (15 October 2011) Reform agenda’s leading light Archived 23 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Irish Examiner

[60] Coy, Peter (13 January 2011) If Demography Is Destiny, Then India Has the Edge Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg

[61] Mahler et al (2 September 2010) How Brussels Is Trying to Prevent a Collapse of the Euro Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel

[62] The Economic Protectorate Archived 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Open Europe (4 February 2010)

[63] Phillips, Leigh (7 September 2011). "Netherlands: Indebted states must be made 'wards' of the commission or leave euro". EU Observer. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

[64] Eder, Florian (13 September 2017). "Juncker to oppose multispeed Europe". Politico. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.

[65] Macron revives multi-speed Europe idea Archived 29 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, EUObserver 30 August 2017

[66] 20 member states confirm the creation of a European Public Prosecutor's Office Archived 16 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, General Secretariat of the Council 12 October 2017

[67] Defence cooperation: Council establishes Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), with 25 member states participating Archived 25 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, General Secretariat of the Council 11 December 2017

[68] Opting out Archived 29 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Eur-lex

[69] "Freedom in the World 2018: Democracy in Crisis". Freedom House. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2018.

[70] "Freedom in the World 2018: Table of Country Scores". Freedom House. 2018. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018.

[71] McGarry, John (2010). Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine (eds.). Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 148–179. ISBN 978-0-8122-4230-0. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[72] Ekman, Ivar (27 October 2007). "In Norway, EU pros and cons (the cons still win)". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2008.

[Balkan_Insight_2017-73] "Bosnia's 'Foreign' Flag Still Draws Mixed Feelings". Balkan Insight. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.

[74] Kurti, Albin (2 September 2009). "Comment: Causing damage in Kosovo". EUobserver. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009.

[75] Judah, Tim (18 February 2008) Kosovo: the era of the EU protectorate dawns Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, European Union Institute for Security Studies

[76] 'Kosovo Is not Independent, It Is an EU Protectorate' Archived 22 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel (19 February 2008)

[77] Independence day Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist (17 February 2008)

[78] "EUTurkey relations". EurActiv. 14 November 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2010.

[79] "Turkey's Tigers, Report Card: Turkey and EU Membership?: Introduction". Public Broadcasting Service. 10 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2010.

[80] "Brexit: Boris Johnson hails free trade deal with EU". BBC News. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.