Demographics of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the eighth-most populated country in the world with almost 2.2% of the world's population. As per the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, the country's population is 165,158,616.[7]

Demographics of Bangladesh
Bangladesh population pyramid in 2020
Population169,356,251 (2021 est.)[1][2]
Growth rate0.98% (2021 est.)[3]
Birth rate17.71 births/1,000
population (2020 est.)[3]
Death rate5.54 deaths/1,000
population (2020 est.)[3]
Life expectancy72.72 years (2020)[3]
 • male71.1 years
 • female74.4 years
Fertility rate2.00 children born/woman
(2020 est.)[3]
Infant mortality rate24.73 deaths/1,000 live births
(2020 est.)[3]
Age structure
0–14 years27.21% (2019 est.)[4]
15–64 years67.61% (2019 est.)[4]
65 and over5.18% (2019 est.)[4]
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female
(2017 est.)[5]
At birth104 male(s)/ 100 female (2021)[6]
Under 15103 male(s)/ 100 female (2021)[6]
65 and over97 male(s)/ 100 female (2021)[6]
Nationality
NationalityBangladeshi
Major ethnicBengali
Minor ethnicChakma,
Tripuri,
Marma,
Mundas,
Garos (Achiks),
Oraons,
Santhals,
Mro,
Manipuri,
Zomi, Bihari
Khasi
Language
OfficialBengali
SpokenBengali, Chittagonian language, Sylheti, etc.
Part of a series on
Bengalis

Bengali history
  • Vanga Kingdom
  • Gangaridai
  • Gauda Kingdom
  • Pala Empire
  • Bengal Sultanate
  • Bengal Subah
  • Bengal Presidency
  • Partition of Bengal (1905)
  • Eastern Bengal and Assam
  • Partition of Bengal (1947)
  • East Bengal
  • East Pakistan
  • Names of Bengal
Bengali homeland
Bengali people
  • Social group:
    • Bangal
    • Ghotis
    • Diaspora
  • Religious community:
    • Muslims
    • Hindus
    • Buddhists
    • Christians
  • Bengali name
  • Subgroups:
    • Dhakaiyas
    • Sylhetis
Bengali culture
  • Language
    • Dialects
    • Alphabet
    • Romanisation
  • Literature
    • Poetry
    • Science fiction
    • Novels
    • Folklore
  • Art
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  • Theatre
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    • Bengali Muslim wedding
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  • Cuisine
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  • Festivals
    • New Year
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Bengali symbols
Politics
  • United Bengal
  • Bengali nationalism
  • Bangabhumi
  • Greater Bangladesh

Bangladesh (previously East Pakistan between 1947 and 1971 and East Bengal before 1947) is largely ethnically homogeneous, and its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group which comprises 98% of the population. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Barisal and North Bengal regions are home to diverse tribal peoples. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. About (91.04%) of Bangladeshis are Muslims, followed by Hindus (largest-minority) at (7.95%), Buddhists (0.61%) and Christians (0.30%) and others (0.12%) as per 2022 census.

Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world. The total fertility rate (TFR) has been reduced by more than two thirds since Independence. The current TFR in Bangladesh is 2.0, globally considered to be a benchmark for replacement level fertility.

At this TFR, and without migration, Bangladesh's population is expected to soon reach a stage where it neither grows nor shrinks, once the top of its age pyramid fills in.[8]

Population

The 2020 total population was 168,827,626 which makes Bangladesh the eighth-most populous country in the world.

Census
Age-sex pyramid for Bangladesh, 2005

The latest decennial census was conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in 2022.[7]

Demographic evolution of the territory of Bangladesh (1900–2010).
Population of Bangladesh[9]
Census dateCensus population
(millions)		Adjusted population
(millions)
1801 14.5
1851 20.3
1901 28.928
1911 31.555
1921 33.255
1931 35.602
1941 41.997
1951 41.932
1961 50.840
1974 71.479 76.398
1981 87.120 89.912
1991 106.313 111.455
2001 124.355 130.523
2011 142.319 152.518
2022 165.159

UN estimates
[10] Total population (millions) Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 37.895 41.2 54.8 3.9
1955 43.444 42.4 54.1 3.5
1960 50.102 43.6 53.1 3.3
1965 57.792 44.7 52.0 3.3
1970 66.881 44.7 51.8 3.4
1975 70.582 45.8 50.7 3.5
1980 80.624 45.0 51.4 3.6
1985 92.284 43.9 52.5 3.6
1990 105.256 42.5 53.8 3.7
1995 117.487 40.3 55.9 3.8
2000 127.658 37.0 59.2 3.9
2005 139.036 34.4 61.3 4.3
2010 147.575 32.0 63.2 4.8
2015 156.256 29.3 65.6 5.1
2020 164.689 26.8 68.0 5.2

Population by sex and age group

[11][12]

Population by sex and age group (Census 15.III.2011):

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 72 109 796 71 933 901 144 043 697 100
0–4 7 638 523 7 423 447 15 061 970 10.46
5–9 9 322 514 8 850 715 18 173 229 12.62
10–14 8 614 889 8 031 726 16 646 615 11.56
15–19 6 509 492 6 352 398 12 861 890 8.93
20–24 5 777 370 7 522 419 13 299 789 9.23
25–29 6 225 252 7 254 256 13 479 508 9.36
30–34 5 079 106 5 420 659 10 499 765 7.29
35–39 4 697 349 4 859 079 9 556 428 6.63
40–44 4 280 923 3 980 739 8 261 662 5.74
45–49 3 363 273 3 016 800 6 380 073 4.43
50–54 2 952 596 2 599 675 5 552 271 3.85
55–59 1 923 534 1 577 463 3 500 997 2.43
60–64 2 081 306 1 852 708 3 934 014 2.73
65–69 1 149 569 963 921 2 113 490 1.47
70–74 1 206 398 1 025 314 2 231 712 1.55
75–79 488 338 386 389 874 727 0.61
80–84 443 239 436 840 880 079 0.61
85–89 138 268 124 343 262 611 0.18
90–94 116 916 133 273 250 189 0.17
95+ 100 941 121 737 222 678 0.15
Age group Male Female Total %
0–14 25 575 926 24 305 888 49 881 814 34.63
15–64 42 890 201 44 436 196 87 326 397 60.62
65+ 3 643 669 3 191 817 6 835 486 4.75

Population Estimates by sex and age group (01.VII.2020):[13]

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 84 190 000 84 030 000 168 220 000 100
0–4 7 346 088 6 996 434 14 342 522 8.53
5–9 8 022 971 7 842 987 15 865 960 9.43
10–14 9 166 213 9 090 200 18 256 413 10.85
15–19 9 207 539 7 492 192 16 699 748 9.93
20–24 7 120 179 7 641 841 14 762 014 8.78
25–29 6 257 653 7 529 994 13 787 635 8.20
30–34 6 282 765 7 298 515 13 581 269 8.07
35–39 5 930 405 6 447 487 12 377 887 7.36
40–44 5 331 105 5 374 319 10 705 423 6.36
45–49 4 700 677 4 325 242 9 025 922 5.37
50–54 4 075 419 4 092 363 8 167 782 4.86
55–59 3 266 073 3 204 705 6 470 780 3.85
60–64 2 672 121 2 306 585 4 978 709 2.96
65–69 2 014 242 1 800 893 3 815 137 2.27
70–74 1 323 054 1 152 981 2 476 037 1.47
75–79 771 118 654 924 1 426 043 0.85
80–84 377 491 380 028 757 519 0.45
85–89 178 719 203 278 381 996 0.23
90–94 82 178 103 285 185 463 0.11
95+ 63 988 91 745 155 734 0.09
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 24 535 272 23 929 621 48 464 893 28.81
15–64 54 843 936 55 713 243 110 557 179 65.72
65+ 4 810 792 4 387 136 9 197 928 5.47

Other sources

The following table lists various recent estimates of the population.

Source Year Population (millions)
US State Dept[14] 2005 144
Population Reference Bureau[15] 2020 170
World Bank[16] 2020 165
CIA World FactBook[17] 2021 164
World Population Reference[18] 2010 164

According to the OECD/World Bank population in Bangladesh increased from 1990 to 2008 with 44 million and 38% growth in population compared to 34% growth in India and 54% growth in Pakistan. The annual population growth 2007–2008 was 1.4% compared to India 1.35%, Pakistan 2.2%, Dem. Rep. of Congo 2.9%, Tanzania 2.9%, Syria 3.5% or Yemen 4.0%. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990 and 2008 the world population growth was 27% and 1,423 million persons.[19]

Population growth rate
A view of Paltan area in Dhaka in 2017

Bangladesh had high rates of population growth in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then however it has seen significant reduction in its total fertility rate. Over a period of three decades it dropped from almost 7 to 0.74 in 2005–2018.[10]

Gender ratio
Age range (years) Sex ratio (males/females) (2015 est.)[20]
at birth 1.04
0–14 1.03
15–24 0.89
25–54 0.90
55–64 1.01
65 and over 0.97
total population 0.95

Urban and rural

The sprawling mega-city of Dhaka has a huge population, but the majority of the people nonetheless still live in villages in rural areas.

Urban population: 37.4% of total population (2019 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 3.13% annual rate of change (2019 est.)
Bangladesh is considered an urban country based on their population density

Population density

Based on United Nations Data 2020 figures for population (164,689,383) and land area (130,170 km2), Bangladesh has the highest population density among large countries, 1265 persons per square kilometer, and 10th overall, when small countries and city-states are included.[21]

Vital statistics

Births and deaths

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses.[22]

Mid-year population (thousands) Live births (thousands) Deaths (thousands) Natural change (thousands) Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) Life expectancy (in years)
1950 39 729 1 848 1 072   776 46.5 27.0 19.5 6.30 219.2 38.18
1951   40 549   1 907   1 066   842 47.0 26.3 20.8 6.34 213.6 38.86
1952   41 427   1 960   1 056   904 47.3 25.5 21.8 6.35 208.1 39.69
1953   42 329   2 016   1 067   949 47.6 25.2 22.4 6.38 203.1 39.94
1954   43 282   2 079   1 047   1 032 48.0 24.2 23.8 6.44 197.6 41.16
1955   44 316   2 140   1 044   1 096 48.3 23.5 24.7 6.49 192.8 41.89
1956   45 408   2 198   1 048   1 150 48.4 23.1 25.3 6.53 188.4 42.42
1957   46 561   2 262   1 037   1 225 48.6 22.3 26.3 6.57 183.5 43.41
1958   47 743   2 329   1 043   1 286 48.7 21.8 26.9 6.62 179.5 43.93
1959   49 005   2 405   1 045   1 360 49.0 21.3 27.7 6.71 175.4 44.60
1960   50 396   2 493   1 070   1 423 49.5 21.2 28.2 6.78 173.4 44.74
1961   51 883   2 574   1 064   1 510 49.6 20.5 29.1 6.83 168.3 45.66
1962   53 462   2 650   1 055   1 595 49.6 19.7 29.8 6.87 164.3 46.70
1963   55 094   2 704   1 084   1 620 49.1 19.7 29.4 6.84 162.6 46.66
1964   56 774   2 760   1 068   1 692 48.6 18.8 29.8 6.84 158.7 47.74
1965   58 500   2 816   1 130   1 686 48.2 19.3 28.8 6.83 159.0 46.86
1966   60 265   2 881   1 088   1 792 47.8 18.1 29.7 6.82 154.7 48.58
1967   62 104   2 966   1 107   1 859 47.8 17.8 29.9 6.85 153.3 48.87
1968   63 996   3 046   1 130   1 916 47.6 17.6 29.9 6.85 152.5 49.09
1969   65 867   3 134   1 159   1 975 47.5 17.6 29.9 6.86 152.0 49.17
1970   67 542   3 209   1 509   1 701 47.4 22.3 25.1 6.88 165.3 42.59
1971   68 376   3 262   2 811   451 47.6 41.0 6.6 6.87 199.4 26.00
1972   69 347   3 300   1 189   2 112 47.5 17.1 30.4 6.85 151.3 49.59
1973   71 145   3 349   1 211   2 137 47.0 17.0 30.0 6.82 151.1 49.83
1974   72 948   3 414   1 275   2 139 46.7 17.4 29.2 6.79 153.6 49.16
1975   74 700   3 461   1 246   2 215 46.2 16.6 29.5 6.74 149.3 50.29
1976   76 380   3 540   1 260   2 280 46.2 16.4 29.7 6.67 147.9 50.65
1977   78 138   3 610   1 266   2 344 46.1 16.1 29.9 6.59 146.1 51.20
1978   80 008   3 661   1 289   2 372 45.6 16.1 29.5 6.52 143.9 51.25
1979   81 908   3 735   1 306   2 429 45.5 15.9 29.6 6.42 141.3 51.46
1980   83 930   3 793   1 313   2 479 45.1 15.6 29.5 6.32 138.6 51.85
1981   86 155   3 859   1 324   2 535 44.7 15.4 29.4 6.24 135.7 52.17
1982   88 555   3 922   1 332   2 590 44.3 15.0 29.2 6.12 132.6 52.54
1983   91 045   3 899   1 327   2 572 42.8 14.6 28.2 5.89 129.2 53.01
1984   93 534   3 914   1 318   2 596 41.8 14.1 27.7 5.73 125.8 53.54
1985   95 959   3 913   1 317   2 597 40.7 13.7 27.0 5.54 122.6 53.90
1986   98 272   3 880   1 301   2 579 39.4 13.2 26.2 5.30 118.4 54.42
1987   100 490   3 858   1 286   2 572 38.3 12.8 25.6 5.07 114.7 54.93
1988   102 689   3 803   1 290   2 513 37.0 12.5 24.4 4.84 110.9 55.03
1989   104 894   3 801   1 299   2 501 36.2 12.4 23.8 4.68 106.9 55.09
1990   107 148   3 750   1 257   2 492 35.0 11.7 23.2 4.48 103.0 55.99
1991   109 243   3 660   1 375   2 285 33.4 12.6 20.9 4.24 103.6 54.15
1992   111 272   3 604   1 178   2 426 32.4 10.6 21.8 4.03 95.2 57.64
1993   113 419   3 579   1 174   2 404 31.5 10.3 21.2 3.85 91.3 57.93
1994   115 615   3 627   1 153   2 474 31.3 10.0 21.4 3.77 87.3 58.62
1995   117 793   3 593   1 120   2 472 30.5 9.5 21.0 3.61 83.4 59.47
1996   119 877   3 597   1 138   2 458 30.0 9.5 20.5 3.50 79.5 59.49
1997   122 039   3 692   1 047   2 646 30.2 8.6 21.6 3.49 75.5 61.43
1998   124 350   3 711   936   2 775 29.8 7.5 22.3 3.39 71.8 63.92
1999   126 755   3 723   846   2 877 29.3 6.7 22.7 3.30 68.1 66.23
2000   129 193   3 747   887   2 860 29.0 6.9 22.1 3.22 64.6 65.78
2001   131 670   3 756   890   2 866 28.5 6.8 21.7 3.15 61.3 66.14
2002   134 140   3 758   886   2 872 28.0 6.6 21.4 3.08 58.2 66.61
2003   136 503   3 736   896   2 841 27.3 6.5 20.8 3.00 55.3 66.82
2004   138 790   3 697   896   2 801 26.6 6.4 20.1 2.91 52.6 67.19
2005   140 913   3 603   908   2 696 25.5 6.4 19.1 2.81 50.0 67.30
2006   142 629   3 529   930   2 600 24.6 6.5 18.2 2.71 47.5 67.24
2007   144 136   3 467   982   2 485 24.0 6.8 17.2 2.63 45.4 66.71
2008   145 421   3 379   979   2 400 23.1 6.7 16.4 2.54 43.0 67.05
2009   146 707   3 275   972   2 302 22.3 6.6 15.7 2.44 41.0 67.40
2010   148 391   3 177   907   2 269 21.4 6.1 15.3 2.34 39.0 68.64
2011   150 211   3 093   919   2 174 20.6 6.1 14.5 2.26 37.2 68.81
2012   152 091   3 062   893   2 169 20.1 5.9 14.2 2.21 35.6 69.55
2013   154 030   3 067   921   2 146 19.9 6.0 13.9 2.18 33.9 69.57
2014   155 961   3 049   919   2 130 19.5 5.9 13.6 2.15 32.4 69.99
2015   157 830   3 026   912   2 114 19.2 5.8 13.4 2.11 30.9 70.49
2016   159 785   3 037   900   2 137 19.0 5.6 13.4 2.10 29.4 71.09
2017   161 794   2 994   881   2 113 18.5 5.4 13.1 2.04 28.0 71.79
2018   163 684   3 025   859   2 166 18.5 5.2 13.2 2.04 26.6 72.57
2019   165 516   3 041   875   2 166 18.4 5.3 13.1 2.03 25.2 72.81
2020   167 421   3 023   974   2 049 18.1 5.8 12.2 2.00 24.0 71.97
2021   169 356   3 020   962   2 057 17.8 5.7 12.1 1.98 22.9 72.38

Sample vital registration system[11][23]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000): national (urban/rural) Crude death rate (per 1000): national (urban/rural) Natural change (per 1000): national (urban/rural) Fertility rates: national (urban/rural)
1981 90,400,000 3,098,000 1,038,000 2,060,000 34.6 (24.8/35.7) 11.5 (7.2/12.2) 23.1 (17.6/23.5) 5.04 (3.20/5.28)
1982 92,300,000 3,189,000 1,107,000 2,082,000 34.8 (22.9/36.9) 12.2 (6.9/12.8) 22.6 (16.0/24.1) 5.21 (3.01/5.50)
1983 94,300,000 3,280,000 1,163,000 2,117,000 35.0 (27.1/36.4) 12.3 (7.5/13.2) 22.7 (19.6/23.2) 5.07 (3.45/5.36)
1984 96,300,000 3,335,000 1,182,000 2,153,000 34.8 (25.0/36.1) 12.3 (8.5/12.9) 22.5 (16.5/23.2) 4.83 (3.10/5.08)
1985 98,400,000 3,392,000 1,183,000 2,209,000 34.6 (28.0/35.3) 12.0 (8.3/12.9) 22.6 (19.7/22.4) 4.71 (3.52/4.91)
1986 100,500,000 3,448,000 1,183,000 2,265,000 34.4 (25.9/35.4) 12.1 (8.1/12.3) 22.3 (17.8/23.1) 4.70 (3.26/4.89)
1987 102,800,000 3,414,000 1,173,000 2,241,000 33.3 (24.8/34.6) 11.5 (7.6/11.8) 21.8 (17.2/22.8) 4.42 (3.05/4.64)
1988 105,000,000 3,477,000 1,179,000 2,298,000 33.2 (24.9/34.6) 11.3 (7.5/11.9) 21.9 (17.4/22.7) 4.45 (3.08/4.70)
1989 107,400,000 3,531,000 1,196,000 2,335,000 33.0 (24.4/34.5) 11.3 (7.3/11.9) 21.7 (17.1/22.6) 4.35 (2.90/4.59)
1990 109,800,000 3,559,000 1,106,000 2,453,000 32.8 (24.6/34.3) 11.4 (7.8/11.8) 21.4 (16.8/22.5) 4.33 (2.90/4.57)
1991 112,200,000 3,561,000 1,110,000 2,451,000 31.6 (23.9/32.9) 11.2 (7.8/11.5) 20.4 (16.1/21.4) 4.24 (2.89/4.51)
1992 114,400,000 3,455,000 1,139,000 2,316,000 30.8 (23.7/32.2) 11.0 (7.5/11.3) 19.8 (16.2/20.9) 4.18 (2.88/4.33)
1993 116,500,000 3,350,000 1,100,000 2,250,000 28.8 (21.0/30.0) 10.0 (7.2/10.4) 18.8 (13.8/19.6) 3.84 (2.62/4.00)
1994 118,400,000 3,289,000 1,067,000 2,222,000 27.0 (20.2/29.1) 9.3 (7.1/9.3) 17.7 (13.1/19.8) 3.58 (2.58/3.79)
1995 120,200,000 3,228,000 1,007,000 2,221,000 26.5 (19.4/28.5) 8.7 (6.7/9.0) 17.8 (12.7/19.5) 3.45 (2.50/3.78)
1996 122,100,000 3,143,000 989,000 2,154,000 25.6 (19.0/27.8) 8.2 (6.5/8.8) 17.4 (12.5/19.0) 3.41 (2.48/3.76)
1997 123,900,000 2,746,000 719,000 2,027,000 21.0 (16.2/24.5) 5.5 (4.2/6.5) 15.5 (12.0/18.0) 3.10 (2.28/3.32)
1998 125,700,000 2,608,000 652,000 1,956,000 19.9 (14.0/21.0) 5.1 (3.7/5.4) 14.8 (10.3/15.6) 2.98 (2.24/3.00)
1999 127,500,000 2,542,000 649,000 1,893,000 19.2 (13.8/20.9) 5.1 (3.5/5.4) 14.1 (10.3/15.5) 2.64 (1.76/2.91)
2000 129,300,000 2,454,000 640,000 1,814,000 19.0 (13.7/20.8) 4.9 (3.5/5.3) 14.1 (10.2/15.5) 2.59 (1.68/2.89)
2001 131,100,000 2,439,000 638,000 1,801,000 18.9 (13.6/20.7) 4.8 (4.3/5.2) 14.1 (9.3/15.5) 2.56 (1.73/2.84)
2002 132,900,000 2,674,000 679,000 1,995,000 20.1 (16.6/21.0) 5.1 (3.8/5.4) 15.0 (12.8/15.6) 2.55 (1.94/2.69)
2003 134,800,000 2,814,000 783,000 2,031,000 20.9 (17.9/21.7) 5.9 (4.7/6.2) 15.0 (13.2/15.5) 2.57 (1.91/2.70)
2004 136,700,000 2,830,000 794,000 2,036,000 20.8 (17.8/21.6) 5.8 (4.4/6.1) 15.0 (13.4/15.5) 2.51 (1.91/2.67)
2005 138,600,000 2,879,000 823,000 2,056,000 20.7 (17.8/21.7) 5.8 (4.9/6.1) 14.9 (12.9/15.6) 2.46 (1.87/2.65)
2006 140,600,000 2,901,000 789,000 2,112,000 20.6 (17.5/21.7) 5.6 (4.4/6.0) 15.0 (13.1/15.7) 2.41 (1.81/2.63)
2007 142,600,000 2,986,000 792,000 2,194,000 20.9 (17.4/22.1) 6.2 (5.1/6.6) 14.7 (12.3/15.5) 2.39 (1.79/2.61)
2008 144,700,000 3,022,000 885,000 2,137,000 20.5 (17.2/22.4) 6.0 (5.1/6.5) 14.5 (12.1/15.9) 2.30 (1.79/2.60)
2009 146,700,000 2,832,000 842,000 1,990,000 19.4 (16.8/20.4) 5.8 (4.7/6.1) 13.6 (12.1/14.3) 2.15 (1.65/2.28)
2010 148,600,000 2,868,494 842,095 2,026,399 19.2 (17.1/20.1) 5.6 (4.9/5.9) 13.6 (12.2/14.2) 2.12 (1.72/2.26)
2011 150,600,000 2,891,000 828,000 2,063,000 19.2 (17.4/20.2) 5.5 (4.8/5.8) 13.7 (12.6/14.4) 2.11 (1.71/2.25)
2012 152,700,000 2,933,000 826,000 2,107,000 18.9 (17.1/20.0) 5.3 (4.6/5.7) 13.6 (12.5/14.3) 2.12 (1.84/2.30)
2013 154,700,000 19.0 (18.2/19.3) 5.3 (4.6/5.6) 13.7 (13.6/13.7) 2.11 (1.84/2.19)
2014 156,800,000 18.9 (17.2/19.4) 5.2 (4.1/5.6) 13.7 (13.1/13.8) 2.11 (1.77/2.22)
2015 158,900,000 18.8 (16.5/20.3) 5.1 (4.6/5.5) 13.7 (11.9/14.8) 2.10 (1.72/2.30)
2016 160,800,000 18.7 (16.1/20.9) 5.1 (4.2/5.7) 13.6 (11.9/15.2) 2.10 (1.68/2.38)
2017 163,780,000 3,009,950 829,770 2,180,180 18.5 (16.1/20.4) 5.1 (4.2/5.7) 13.4 (11.9/14.7) 2.05 (1.68/2.37)
2018 164,600,000 18.3 (16.1/20.1) 5.0 (4.4/5.4) 13.3 (11.7/14.7) 2.05 (1.68/2.38)
2019 166,500,000 18.1 (15.9/20.0) 4.9 (4.4/5.4) 13.2 (11.5/14.6) 2.04 (1.67/2.37)
2020 168,220,000 3,040,667 852,254 2,188,413 18.1 (15.3/20.4) 5.1 (4.9/5.2) 13.0 (10.4/15.2) 2.04 (1.66/2.37)
2021 169,310,000

Total fertility rate by divisions in 2020
Division TFR (total fertility rate) Crude birth rate Death rate
Mymensingh 2.69 21.8 5.0
Barishal 2.07 17.7 5.2
Chittagong 2.36 21.6 5.3
Dhaka 1.71 15.8 4.5
Rajshahi 1.99 16.8 5.4
Rangpur 2.11 18.2 5.2
Sylhet 1.94 17.7 5.3
Khulna 1.98 17.1 5.0

Fertility rate (demographic and health surveys)

Crude birth rate (CBR), total fertility rate (TFR) and wanted fertility rate (WFR):[24]

Year CBR (total) CBR (urban) CBR (rural) TFR (total) TFR (urban) TFR (rural) WFR (total) WFR (urban) WFR (rural)
1993–1994 29.1 25.3 29.5 3.44 2.69 3.54 2.1 1.7 2.2
1996–1997 29.4 22.6 30.2 3.27 2.10 3.43 2.1 1.5 2.2
1999–2000 30.2 25.3 31.3 3.31 2.45 3.54 2.2 1.7 2.4
2001 28.4 26.0 28.9 3.22 2.69 3.36
2004 28.7 25.8 29.5 3.0 2.5 3.2 2.0 1.6 2.1
2007 26.1 24.7 26.5 2.7 2.4 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.9
2011 22.6 20.6 23.3 2.3 2.0 2.5 1.6 1.5 1.6
2014 22.2 20.8 22.8 2.3 2.0 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.7
2017–18 21.9 21.1 22.3 2.3 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.8

Health
Life expectancy development in Bangladesh

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.7 years (2018)[25]
Male: 71.1 years
Female: 74.4 years
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 40.7 1985–1990 57.0
1955–1960 44.2 1990–1995 60.0
1960–1965 47.2 1995–2000 63.7
1965–1970 49.3 2000–2005 66.7
1970–1975 46.3 2005–2010 69.1
1975–1980 52.2 2010–2015 71.2
1980–1985 54.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects[26]

HIV/AIDS
Prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (adults, 102nd in world, 2001 est.); 0.01% (2014 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 12,000 (85th in world, 2007 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 500 (87th in world, 2007 est.); about 700 (2014 est.).

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
Water contact disease: leptospirosis
Animal contact disease: rabies (2005)

Ethnic group

The vast majority (about 98%) of Bangladeshis are of the Bengali ethno-linguistic group. This group also spans the neighboring Indian province of West Bengal. Minority ethnic groups include Meitei, Tripuri, Marma, Tanchangya, Barua, Khasi, Santhals, Chakma, Rakhine people, Garo, Biharis, Oraons, Mundas, Monipuri.

Biharis are Urdu-speaking, non-Bengalis who emigrated from the state of Bihar and other parts of northern India during the 1947 partition. They are concentrated in the Dhaka and Rangpur areas and number some 300,000.[27][28] In the 1971 independence war many of them sided with Pakistan, as they stood to lose their positions in the upper levels of society.[29] Hundreds of thousands went to Pakistan and those that remained were interned in refugee camps. Their population declined from about 1 million in 1971 to 600,000 in the late 1980s.[29] Refugees International has called them a "neglected and stateless" people as they are denied citizenship by the governments of Bangladesh and Pakistan.[30] As nearly 40 years has passed, two generations of Biharis have been born in these camps. Biharis were granted Bangladeshi citizenship and voting rights in 2008.[31]

Bangladesh's tribal population was enumerated at 897,828 in the 1981 census.[29] These tribes are concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and around Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. They are of Sino-Tibetan descent and differ markedly in their social customs, religion, language and level of development. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages and most are Buddhist or Hindu.[29] The four largest tribes are Chakmas, Marmas, Tipperas, Tanchangya, and Mros. Smaller groups include the Santals in Rajshahi and Dinajpur, and Khasis, Garos, and Khajons in Mymensingh and Sylhet regions.[29]

There are small communities of Meitei people in the Sylhet district, which is close to the Meitei homeland across the border in Manipur, India.

There is a large population of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar near the border in the southeast. There are 28,000 living in two UN refugee camps in Cox's Bazar as well as some 200,000 "unregistered people of concern" living outside of the camps.[32] The refugee crisis originated in the early 1990s when the first wave numbering some 250,000 of the predominantly Muslim ethnic group fled persecution from their home in Rakhaine—Myanmar's westernmost state. Bangladesh seeks to repatriate the refugees back to Myanmar.[33] Since 2017, there are approximately 1.1 million Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh.

Language
Languages of Bangladesh (2011)[34]
Bangla
 
 98%
Other
 
 2%
  • Official language: Bengali (also known as Bangla)
  • Other languages often considered dialects of Bengali: Chittagonian, Sylheti, Rohingya, Tangchangya, Chakma, and Rangpuri.[35]
  • Other Indic languages: Bishnupriya Manipuri, Assamese, various Bihari languages
  • Tibeto-Burman languages: A'Tong, Chak, Koch, Garo, Megam, Tripuri, Meitei Manipuri, Mizo, Mru, Pangkhua, Rakhine/Marma, various Chin languages[35]
  • Austroasiatic languages: Khasi, Koda, Mundari, Pnar, Santali, War[35]
  • Dravidian languages: Kurukh[35]
  • Other languages: English (spoken and known widely in upper-class & politics), Arabic (sometimes spoken and known by many Muslims, due to Islam being the primary religion), Hindi/Urdu (understood by some, and spoken by Biharis)

Religion
Population trends for major religious groups in Bangladesh (1951–2022)
Religious
group		 Population
% 1951.[36]		 Population
% 1961[36]		 Population
% 1974[36]		 Population
% 1981[36]		 Population
% 1991[36]		 Population
% 2001[37]		 Population
% 2011[38]		 Population

% 2022[7]

Islam 76%80.4%85.4%86.6%88.3%89.7%90.4% 91.1%
Hinduism 22%18.5%13.5%12.1 %10.5 %9.2%8.5% 7.9%
Buddhism 0.7%0.7%0.6%0.6%0.6%0.7%0.6% 0.6%
Christianity 0.3%0.3%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.3%0.4% 0.3%
Other religions/No religion 0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.1%0.1% 0.1%
Bangladesh religious diversity as per 2022 census[7][39][40]
Religion Population
Muslims () 150,360,404
Hindus () 13,130,109
Buddhists () 1,007,467
Christians () 495,475
Others 198,190
Total 165,158,616

Bangladesh has a population of 165,158,616 as per 2022 census.[7]

Religions in Bangladesh (2022)[41]

  Islam (91.04%)
  Hinduism (7.95%)
  Buddhism (0.61%)
  Christianity (0.30%)
  Others (0.12%)

Genetics

Bangladesh has the world's highest frequency of the M form of mitochondrial DNA. This genetic variant spans many continents, and is the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia.[42] In Bangladesh it represents about 83% of maternal lineages.[43]

Education
Literacy rates in Bangladesh districts

Bangladesh has a literacy rate of 74.70 percent as of 2019. 76.67 percent for males and 71.95 percent for females.

Migrants

According to the United Nations, there were 1,500,921 international migrants in Bangladesh in 2017. Estimation shows that over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees live in Bangladesh have arrived during the ongoing Rohingya genocide in Myanmar.[44] On 28 September 2018, at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1-1.3 million Rohingya refugees now in Bangladesh.[45][46]

Their most common countries of origin were as follows:

International migrants in Bangladesh in 2017
 Myanmar1,300,000 (Rohingya refugees)
 Malaysia208,406
 China166,646
 Indonesia156,500
 Laos90,253
 United States47,103
   Nepal39,988
 India35,250
 Great Britain34,266
 Bahrain30,877
 Vietnam28,176
 Cambodia20,109
Source: United Nations[47]

The United Nations has estimated the Bangladesh diaspora as 4,499,919 people with the greatest migration to the following countries:

International migrants from Bangladesh in 2017
 Saudi Arabia1,377,072
 United Arab Emirates1,044,505
 Kuwait381,669
 Malaysia365,600
 Oman276,518
 Great Britain228,353
 United States279,021
 Qatar183,386
 Italy100,743
 Singapore83,279
 Bahrain80,457
 Canada65,698
 Australia48,888
 Maldives38,620
Source: United Nations[47]

See also
  • Bangladeshi society
  • School of Human Genetic and Population Health

References
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