Dolmen

A dolmen (/ˈdɒlmɛn/) or portal tomb is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more upright megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the early Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus (burial mound). Small pad-stones may be wedged between the cap and supporting stones to achieve a level appearance.[1] In many instances, the covering has eroded away, leaving only the stone "skeleton".

Poulnabrone dolmen, the Burren, County Clare, Ireland
Dolmens in Amadalavalasa, Andhra Pradesh, India

The Korean Peninsula is home to the world's highest concentration of dolmens,[2] including "cemeteries" consisting of 30–100 examples located in close proximity to each other;[3] with over 35,000 dolmens,[4] Korea alone (for unknown reasons) accounts for approximately 40% of the global total.[4][5][6]

History

It remains unclear when, why and by whom the earliest dolmens were made. The oldest known are found in Western Europe, dating from c. 7,000 years ago. Archaeologists still do not know who erected these dolmens, which makes it difficult to know why they did it. They are generally all regarded as tombs or burial chambers, despite the absence of clear evidence for this. Human remains, sometimes accompanied by artefacts, have been found in or close to the dolmens which could be scientifically dated using radiocarbon dating. However, it has been impossible to prove that these remains date from the time when the stones were originally set in place.[7]

Dolmen at Ganghwa Island, South Korea

The word dolmen entered archaeology when Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne used it to describe megalithic tombs in his Origines gauloises (1796) using the spelling dolmin (the current spelling was introduced about a decade later and had become standard in French by about 1885).[8][9] The Oxford English Dictionary does not mention dolmin in English and gives its first citation for dolmen from a book on Brittany in 1859, describing the word as "The French term, used by some English authors, for a cromlech ...". The name was supposedly derived from a Breton language term meaning 'stone table' but doubt has been cast on this, and the OED describes its origin as "Modern French". A book on Cornish antiquities from 1754 said that the current term in the Cornish language for a cromlech was tolmen ('hole of stone') and the OED says that "There is reason to think that this was the term inexactly reproduced by Latour d'Auvergne [sic] as dolmen, and misapplied by him and succeeding French archaeologists to the cromlech".[10] Nonetheless it has now replaced cromlech as the usual English term in archaeology, when the more technical and descriptive alternatives are not used. The later Cornish term was quoit – an English-language word for an object with a hole through the middle preserving the original Cornish language term of tolmen – the name of another dolmen-like monument is in fact Mên-an-Tol 'stone with hole' (SWF: Men An Toll.)[11]

Dolmens are known by a variety of names in other languages, including Irish: dolmain,[12] Galician and Portuguese: anta, Bulgarian: Долмени, romanized: Dolmeni, German: Hünengrab/Hünenbett, Afrikaans and Dutch: hunebed, Basque: trikuharri, Abkhaz: Adamra, Adyghe: Ispun, Danish and Norwegian: dysse, Swedish: dös, Korean: 고인돌, romanized: goindol, and Hebrew: גַלעֵד. Granja is used in Portugal, Galicia, and some parts of Spain. The rarer forms anta and ganda also appear. In Catalan-speaking areas, they are known simply as dolmen, but also by a variety of folk names, including cova ('cave'),[13] caixa ('crate' or 'coffin'),[14] taula ('table'),[15] arca ('chest'),[13] cabana ('hut'), barraca ('hut'), llosa ('slab'), llosa de jaça ('pallet slab'),[16] roca ('rock') or pedra ('stone'), usually combined with a second part such as de l'alarb ('of the Arab'),[14] del/de moro/s ('of the Moor/s'),[14][17] del lladre ('of the thief'), del dimoni ('of the devil'), d'en Rotllà/Rotllan/Rotlan/Roldan ('of Roland'),[15][14]. In the Basque Country, they are attributed to the jentilak, a race of giants. Dolmen originated from the Welsh expression taol maen which means 'stone table'.

The etymology of the German: Hünenbett, Hünengrab and Dutch: hunebed – with Hüne/hune meaning 'giant' – all evoke the image of giants buried (bett/bed/grab = 'bed/grave') there. Of other Celtic languages, Welsh cromlech was borrowed into English and quoit is commonly used in English in Cornwall.

Types
  • Great dolmen – Type of dolmen in Nordic megalith architecture
  • Inuksuk – Type of manmade stone landmark or cairn
  • Polygonal dolmen – Type of dolmen with five to nine supporting stones
  • Rectangular dolmen – Rectangular, enlarged or extended dolmen
  • Simple dolmen – Early form of dolmen or megalithic tomb
  • Trethevy Quoit - one of the best-preserved in Cornwall, UK dated to around 3500–2500 BCE
  • Chûn Quoit in Cornwall, UK, about 2400 BCE
  • Zennor Quoit in Cornwall, UK, 2500–1500 BCE
  • Lanyon Quoit in Cornwall, UK, 3500-2500 BCE
  • A dolmen erected by Neolithic people in Marayur, Kerala, India.
  • Dolmens of Marayoor, India.
  • A southern-style dolmen at Ganghwa Island, South Korea
  • A northern-style dolmen at Ganghwa Island, South Korea
  • The biggest dolmen near Hwasun, South Korea
  • The dolmen Er-Roc'h-Feutet in Carnac, Brittany, France
  • Crucuno dolmen in Plouharnel, Brittany, France
  • Kilclooney More dolmen near Ardara, County Donegal, Ireland
  • Lancken-Granitz dolmen, Germany
  • T-shaped Hunebed D27 in Borger-Odoorn, Netherlands
  • Dólmen da Aboboreira, Baião, Portugal
  • Dolmen of Avola, Sicily
  • Dolmen of Bisceglie, Apulia
  • Inuksuk in the vicinity of Kuujjuarapik, Quebec
  • Dolmen of Fasano, Apulia
  • Tinkinswood, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, around 3000 BCE
  • Dolmen of Oleiros, Galicia
  • Dolmen Sa Coveccada, Mores, Sardinia
  • Russia
  • Bulgaria
  • Musealised Dolmen de Dombate, Galicia (Spain)
  • Keriaval Dolmen, Carnac, Brittany, France

See also
  • Antequera Dolmens Site
  • Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites
  • Inuksuk
  • Irish megalithic tombs
  • Kistvaen
  • List of Dolmens
  • List of megalithic sites
  • Megalithic art
  • Neolithic Europe
  • Nordic megalith architecture
  • Rujm el-Hiri
  • Stone Table
  • Taula

References
  1. Murphy (1997), 43
  2. UNESCO World Heritage List. "Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/977
  3. ""Dolmens of Ancient Korea"". 1 December 2016.
  4. Jensen, John Jr. Earth Epochs: Cataclysms across the Holocene. John Jensen. p. 276. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  5. ""UNESCO World Heritage Series: Part 1 - Dolmens"". January 2017.
  6. ""Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Dolmen"". 31 July 2015.
  7. Lewis, S. (2009) Guide to the Menhirs and other Megaliths of Central Brittany, Nezert Books, ISBN 978-952-270-595-2
  8. Bakker, Jan Albert (2009). Megalithic Research in the Netherlands, 1547–1911. Sidestone Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-9088900341.
  9. Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, Origines gauloises. Celles des plus anciens peuples de l'Europe puisées dans leur vraie source ou recherche sur la langue, l'origine et les antiquités des Celto-bretons de l'Armorique, pour servir à l'histoire ancienne et moderne de ce peuple et à celle des Français, p. PR1, at Google Books, 1796–97.
  10. OED "Dolmen", 1st edition, 1897
  11. "Vandals threaten stone age monuments". 12 November 1999.
  12. "dolmen - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for dolmen by New English-Irish Dictionary". www.focloir.ie. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  13. "dolmen". Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (in Catalan). Barcelona.
  14. Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. "caixa" (in Catalan). In: Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Palma: Moll, 1930-1962. ISBN 8427300255.
  15. Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. "taula" (in Catalan). In: Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Palma: Moll, 1930-1962. ISBN 8427300255.
  16. Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. "llosa de jaça" (in Catalan). In: Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Palma: Moll, 1930-1962. ISBN 8427300255.
  17. Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. "cova" (in Catalan). In: Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Palma: Moll, 1930-1962. ISBN 8427300255.

Sources

Further reading
  • Trifonov, V., 2006. Russia's megaliths: unearthing the lost prehistoric tombs of Caucasian warlords in the Zhane valley. St.Petersburg: The Institute for Study of Material Culture History, Russian Academy of Sciences. Available from
  • Kudin, M., 2001. Dolmeni i ritual. Dolmen Path – Russian Megaliths. Available from
  • Knight, Peter. Ancient Stones of Dorset, 1996.
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