List of political parties in India
India has a multi-party system. The Election Commission of India (ECI) accords recognition to the national level and the state level political parties based upon objective criteria. A recognised political party enjoys privileges like a reserved party symbol,[lower-alpha 1] free broadcast time on state-run television and radio, consultation in the setting of election dates, and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. Other political parties that wish to contest local, state or national elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India. Registered Parties are upgraded as recognised National Party or State Party by the ECI if they meet the relevant criteria after a Lok Sabha or State legislative assembly election. The Recognised Party status is reviewed periodically by the ECI.
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Before the amendment in 2016 (came into force with effect from 1 January 2014), if a political party failed to fulfill the criteria in the subsequent Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election, they lost their status as a recognised Party. In 2016, the ECI announced that such a review would take place after two consecutive elections instead of every election. Therefore, a political party shall retain the recognised Party status even if they do not meet the criteria in the next election. However, if they fail to meet the criteria in the subsequent election following the next election, they would lose their status.
As per latest publication dated 23 September 2021 from Election Commission of India, the total number of parties registered was 2858, with 8 national parties, 54 state parties and 2796 unrecognised parties.[3] All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. All 28 states of the country along with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry have elected governments unless President's rule is imposed under certain conditions.
National parties
A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfils any one of the three conditions listed below:[4]
- The party win 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states.
- At a general election to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly, the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok Sabha seats.
- The party gets recognition as a state party in four states.
Party | Flag | Political position |
Ideology | Founded | National status accorded | Leader(s) | Election symbol |
States governed |
Seats | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lok Sabha | Rajya Sabha | State Assemblies |
State Councils | ||||||||||
All India Trinamool Congress |
Centre-left | Secularism Progressivism |
1 January 1998 | 2 September 2016 | Mamata Banerjee (Chairperson) |
1 / 31 |
23 / 543 |
13 / 245 |
235 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Bahujan Samaj Party | Centre-left | Social equality Social justice Secularism Self-respect Human Rights |
14 April 1984 | 26 January 2013[5] | Mayawati (President) |
0 / 31 |
10 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
7 / 4,036 |
1 / 426 | |||
Bharatiya Janata Party | Right-wing[6] | Hindutva Nationalism Conservatism Social conservatism |
6 April 1980 | J. P. Nadda (President) |
17 / 31 |
303 / 543 |
93 / 245 |
1,411 / 4,036 |
167 / 426 | ||||
Communist Party of India | Left-wing | Communism | 26 December 1925 | D. Raja (General Secretary) |
1 / 31 |
2 / 543 |
2 / 245 |
21 / 4,036 |
2 / 426 | ||||
Communist Party of India (Marxist) | Left-wing | Communism | 7 November 1964 | Sitaram Yechury (General Secretary) |
1 / 31 |
3 / 543 |
5 / 245 |
88 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Indian National Congress | Centre[7] | Big tent Civic nationalism Social liberalism Secularism |
28 December 1885 | Mallikarjun Kharge (President) |
5 / 31 |
53 / 543 |
31 / 245 |
678 / 4,036 |
46 / 426 | ||||
Nationalist Congress Party | Centre-left[8] | Liberalism Gandhism |
10 June 1999 | Sharad Pawar (President) |
0 / 31 |
5 / 543 |
3 / 245 |
59 / 4,036 |
11 / 426 | ||||
National People's Party | Centre | Regionalism Ethnocentrism |
6 January 2013 | 7 June 2019 | Conrad Sangma (President) |
1 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
33 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 |
State parties
A registered party is recognised as a state party only if it fulfils any one of the five conditions listed below:[4]
- A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
- A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
- A party should win at least 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly, which ever is higher.
- A party should win at least one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that State.
- Under the liberalised criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.
Party | Flag | Political position |
Ideology | Founded | Leader(s) | State(s) | Election symbol |
States governed |
Seats | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lok Sabha | Rajya Sabha | State Assemblies |
State Councils | ||||||||||
State Party in 3 States | |||||||||||||
Aam Aadmi Party | Centre to Centre-left |
Economic nationalism[9] Secularism[10] Nationalism[11] Patriotism[12] Humanism[12] |
2012 | Arvind Kejriwal | Delhi Punjab Goa |
2 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
10 / 245 |
156 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Janata Dal (Secular) | Centre-left | Social democracy[13] Secularism[13] |
1999 | H. D. Deve Gowda | Arunachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala |
0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
34 / 4,036 |
13 / 426 | |||
Janata Dal (United) | Centre-left | Socialism[14] Secularism[14] Integral humanism[15] |
2003 | Nitish Kumar | Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Manipur |
1 / 31 |
16 / 543 |
5 / 245 |
46 / 4,036 |
23 / 426 | |||
State Party in 2 States | |||||||||||||
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Centre to centre-left |
Dravidianism Populism Social democracy |
1972 | Edappadi K. Palaniswami (General Secretary) |
Tamil Nadu Puducherry |
0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
4 / 245 |
63 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Centre-left | Social democracy[16] Dravidianism Social justice[16] Federalism |
1949 | M. K. Stalin (President) |
Tamil Nadu Puducherry |
1 / 31 |
24 / 543 |
10 / 245 |
131 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Naga People's Front | Regionalism | 2002 | T. R. Zeliang | Manipur Nagaland |
0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
30 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Rashtriya Janata Dal | Centre-left | Socialism | 1997 | Lalu Prasad Yadav Tejashwi Yadav |
Bihar Jharkhand |
0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
6 / 245 |
76 / 4,036 |
5 / 426 | |||
Revolutionary Socialist Party | Far-left | Communism Marxism–Leninism[17] Revolutionary socialism |
1940 | Manoj Bhattacharya[18] | Kerala West Bengal |
0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Telugu Desam Party | Centre[19] | Populism[20][21] Economic liberalism[22] |
1982 | N. Chandrababu Naidu | Andhra Pradesh Telangana |
0 / 31 |
3 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
23 / 4,036 |
15 / 426 | |||
State Party in 1 State | |||||||||||||
Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party | Populism[20][21]Regionalism | 2011 | Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy | Andhra Pradesh | 1 / 31 |
22 / 543 |
9 / 245 |
151 / 4,036 |
32 / 426 | ||||
Bharat Rashtra Samithi | Centre[23] | Regionalism[24][25] Populism[26] Conservatism[25] Separatism |
2001 | K. Chandrashekar Rao | Telangana | 1 / 31 |
9 / 543 |
7 / 245 |
103 / 4,036 |
28 / 426 | |||
All India Forward Bloc | Left-wing | Left-wing nationalism Socialism Anti-imperialism Marxism[27] |
1939 | Debabrata Biswas | West Bengal | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | Right-wing[28] | Composite Nationalism[29] Minority Rights [30] |
1958 | Asaduddin Owaisi | Telangana | 1 / 31 |
2 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
14 / 4,036 |
2 / 426 | |||
All India N.R. Congress | Centre | Social democracy Populism |
2011 | N. Rangaswamy | Puducherry | 1 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
10 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
All India United Democratic Front | 2005 | Badruddin Ajmal | Assam | 0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
15 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
All Jharkhand Students Union | 1986 | Sudesh Mahto | Jharkhand | 0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
2 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Asom Gana Parishad | Centre-right | Regionalism Anti-Bengali sentiment |
1985 | Atul Bora | Assam | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
9 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Biju Janata Dal | Centre to centre-left |
Regionalism[33] Populism[25] Secularism[33][25] Liberalism[25][34] |
1997 | Naveen Patnaik | Odisha | 1 / 31 |
12 / 543 |
9 / 245 |
113 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Bodoland People's Front | Secularism Democratic socialism[35] |
2005 | Hagrama Mohilary | Assam | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
3 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | Far-left | Communism[36] Marxism–Leninism Maoism[36] |
1974 | Dipankar Bhattacharya | Bihar | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
13 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam | Centre to centre-left |
Social welfare Populism Secularism Social democracy |
2005 | Vijayakanth | Tamil Nadu | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Goa Forward Party | Regionalism | 2016 | Vijai Sardesai | Goa | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
1 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Hill State People's Democratic Party | 1968 | Meghalaya | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
2 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||||
Indian National Lok Dal | Centre | Social liberalism Regionalism |
1996 | Om Prakash Chautala | Haryana | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
1 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Indian Union Muslim League | Muslim interests Social conservatism |
1948 | Hyderali Shihab Thangal | Kerala | 0 / 31 |
3 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
15 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Indigenous People's Front of Tripura | Centre-right | Regionalism Ethnic nationalism Anti-immigration |
2009 | Mevar Kumar Jamatia | Tripura | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
7 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | Kashmiriyat Kashmiri autonomy Secularism |
1932 | Farooq Abdullah | Jammu and Kashmir | 0 / 31 |
3 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party | Democracy[37][38] Anti-corruption[37][38] Secularism[39] Women's rights[40] |
1982 | Bhim Singh | Jammu and Kashmir | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party | Kashmiriyat Kashmiri autonomy[41] Regionalism |
1999 | Mehbooba Mufti | Jammu and Kashmir | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Janta Congress Chhattisgarh | Left-wing | Social justice Feminism Direct democracy Agrarianism |
2016 | Renu Jogi | Chhattisgarh | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
3 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Jannayak Janta Party | Democratic socialism | 2018 | Dushyant Chautala | Haryana | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
10 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 1972 | Shibu Soren Hemant Soren |
Jharkhand | 1 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
2 / 245 |
30 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Kerala Congress (M) | Welfare[42] Democratic socialism[43] |
1979 | Jose K. Mani | Kerala | 0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
5 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Lok Janshakti Party | 2000 | Chirag Paswan | Bihar | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
1 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena | Far-right | Hindutva[44] Right-wing populism[45] Regionalism[46][47] Ultranationalism[48][47] Marathi interests[47] |
2006 | Raj Thackeray | Maharashtra | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
1 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party | Centre | Populism Regionalism |
1963 | Deepak Dhavalikar | Goa | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
2 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Mizo National Front | 1961 | Zoramthanga | Mizoram | 1 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
28 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Mizoram People's Conference | 1975 | Lalhmangaiha Sailo | Mizoram | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party | Regionalism | 2017 | Neiphiu Rio | Nagaland | 1 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
21 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Pattali Makkal Katchi | Centre | Populism | 1989 | S. Ramadoss | Puducherry | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
5 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
People's Democratic Alliance | 2012 | B.D. Behring | Manipur | Crown | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
People's Democratic Front | 2017 | Ivanlum Marbaniang | Meghalaya | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
4 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
People's Party of Arunachal | Regionalism | 1977 | Kamen Ringu | Arunachal Pradesh | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
Rashtriya Lok Dal | 1996 | Jayant Chaudhary | Uttar Pradesh | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
8 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Rashtriya Loktantrik Party | 2020 | Hanuman Beniwal | Rajasthan | 0 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
3 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||||
Samajwadi Party | Centre-left[49] to left[50][51] |
Social democracy[52] Democratic socialism[53] Left-wing populism[53][54] Social conservatism[53] |
1992 | Akhilesh Yadav | Uttar Pradesh | 0 / 31 |
5 / 543 |
3 / 245 |
113 / 4,036 |
48 / 426 | |||
Shiromani Akali Dal | Centre-right | Punjabiyat[55][56] Conservatism[57] Federalism[58][59] |
1920 | Sukhbir Singh Badal | Punjab | 0 / 31 |
2 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
3 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Shiv Sena | Right-wing to far-right |
Conservatism Hindutva Ultranationalism Right-wing populism |
1966 | Uddhav Thackeray | Maharashtra | 1 / 31 |
19 / 543 |
3 / 245 |
57 / 4,036 |
16 / 426 | |||
Sikkim Democratic Front | Centre-left to left-wing |
Democratic socialism | 1993 | Pawan Kumar Chamling | Sikkim | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
1 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | |||
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha | Democratic socialism | 2013 | Prem Singh Tamang | Sikkim | 1 / 31 |
1 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
19 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
United Democratic Party | Regionalism Populism |
1997 | Metbah Lyngdoh | Meghalaya | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
8 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||||
United People's Party Liberal | Centre | Regionalism | 2015 | Urkhao Gwra Brahma | Assam | Tractor | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
1 / 245 |
7 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 | ||
Zoram Nationalist Party | 1997 | Lalduhawma | Mizoram | 0 / 31 |
0 / 543 |
0 / 245 |
0 / 4,036 |
0 / 426 |
Unrecognised parties
Party | Founded | Leader(s) | State(s) |
---|---|---|---|
United Goans Party | 1963 | Jack de Sequeira | Goa |
Kerala Congress | 1964 | P. J. Joseph | Kerala |
Manipur Peoples Party | 1968 | Sovakiran N. | Manipur |
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal | 1979 | Kashi Singh Airy | Uttarakhand |
Lokdal | 1980 | Charan Singh | Uttar Pradesh |
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | 1982 | Thol. Thirumavalavan | Tamil Nadu |
Amra Bangali | 1983 | Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar | West Bengal |
Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh | 1983 | Sundar Shaekhar | Maharashtra |
Kerala Congress (B) | 1989 | R. Balakrishna Pillai | Kerala |
Gondwana Ganatantra Party | 1991 | Hira Singh Markam | Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Maharashtra |
Kerala Congress (Jacob) | 1991 | Anoop Jacob | Kerala |
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 1992 | Vaiko | Tamil Nadu Puducherry |
Samata Party | 1994 | Uday Mandal[60] | Bihar Manipur[61] |
Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) | 1994 | Simranjit Singh Mann | Punjab |
Puthiya Tamilagam | 1996 | K. Krishnasamy | Tamil Nadu |
Tamil Maanila Congress | 1996 | G. K. Vasan | Tamil Nadu |
Kongunadu Makkal Katchi | 2000 | A. M. Raja | Tamil Nadu |
Ittehad-e-Millat Council | 2001 | Tauqeer Raza Khan | Uttar Pradesh |
People's Democratic Front | 2001 | Ajoy Biswas | Tripura |
Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaingar Peravai | 2001 | U. Thaniyarasu | Tamil Nadu |
Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party | 2002 | Om Prakash Rajbhar | Uttar Pradesh Bihar |
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha | 2003 | Mahadev Jankar | Maharashtra Kerala |
Lok Satta Party | 2006 | Jaya Prakash Narayana | Andhra Pradesh Telangana |
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha | 2007 | Bimal Gurung | West Bengal |
Peace Party of India | 2008 | Mohamed Ayub | Uttar Pradesh |
Rashtriya Ulama Council | 2008 | Aamir Rashadi Madni | Uttar Pradesh |
Manithaneya Makkal Katchi | 2009 | M. H. Jawahirullah | Tamil Nadu |
Social Democratic Party of India | 2009 | M. K. Faizy | Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu |
Naam Tamilar Katchi | 2009 | Senthamizhan Seeman | Tamil Nadu Puducherry |
Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi | 2010 | T.R. Pachamuthu | Tamil Nadu |
Quami Ekta Dal | 2010 | Mukhtar Ansari | Uttar Pradesh |
Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic | 2010 | Devendra Prasad Yadav | Bihar Uttar Pradesh |
Hindu Sena | 2011 | Vishnu Gupta | New Delhi |
Socialist Party (India) | 2011 | Thampan Thomas | |
Welfare Party of India | 2011 | S. Q. R. Ilyas | Kerala |
Bahujan Mukti Party | 2012 | V. L. Matang | Bihar Uttar Pradesh |
Indian Gandhiyan Party | 2012 | Aashin U S | Kerala |
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi | 2013 | E. R. Eswaran | Tamil Nadu |
Odisha Janmorcha | 2013 | Pyarimohan Mohapatra | Odisha |
Jana Sena Party | 2014 | Pawan Kalyan | Andhra Pradesh Telangana |
Param Digvijay Dal | 2014 | Krishna Mohan Shankar Yogi | Uttar Pradesh |
All India Hindustan Congress Party | 2015 | Buddh Prakash Sharma | Gujarat Rajasthan |
Jan Adhikar Party Loktantrik[62] | 2015 | Pappu Yadav | Bihar Uttar Pradesh |
Jan Shakti Party of India[63] | 2015 | Gurjeet Singh Azad | Punjab |
Hindustani Awam Morcha[64] | 2015 | Jitan Ram Manjhi | Bihar |
Apna Dal (Sonelal) | 2016 | Anupriya Patel | Uttar Pradesh |
Goa Suraksha Manch | 2016 | Subhash Velingkar | Goa |
NISHAD Party | 2016 | Sanjay Nishad | Uttar Pradesh |
Swaraj India | 2016 | Yogendra Yadav | Haryana Karnataka Maharashtra |
All India Mahila Empowerment Party | 2017 | Nowhera Shaik | Telangana Karnataka |
Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam | 2018 | T. T. V. Dhinakaran | Tamil Nadu |
Jansatta Dal Loktantrik | 2018 | Raghuraj Pratap Singh | Uttar Pradesh |
Loktantrik Janata Dal | 2018 | Sharad Yadav | Bihar Kerala |
Makkal Needhi Maiam | 2018 | Kamal Haasan | Tamil Nadu Puducherry |
Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya) | 2018 | Shivpal Singh Yadav | Uttar Pradesh |
Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi | 2018 | Prakash Ambedkar | Maharashtra |
Vikassheel Insaan Party | 2018 | Mukesh Sahani | Bihar |
Lok Insaaf Party | 2019 | Simarjit Singh Bains | Punjab |
Punjab Ekta Party | 2019 | Sukhpal Singh Khaira | Punjab |
Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party | 2020 | Altaf Bukhari | Jammu and Kashmir |
Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party | 2020 | Mir Junaid | Jammu and Kashmir |
Plurals Party | 2020 | Pushpam Priya Choudhary | Bihar |
Raijor Dol | 2020 | Akhil Gogoi | Assam |
Rashtriya Jan Jan Party | 2020 | Ashutosh Kumar | Bihar |
Indian Secular Front | 2021 | Nawsad Siddique | West Bengal |
The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance | 2021 | Pradyot Manikya Debbarma | Tripura |
YSR Telangana Party | 2021 | Y. S. Sharmila | Telangana |
Revolutionary Goans Party | 2022 | Viresh Borkar | Goa |
See also
- Lists of political parties
- Political Parties in Kerala
- List of communist parties in India
Notes
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Further reading
- Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh. 1999. Democracy and Social Change in India: but parties have to be 70per of decision A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-4 (U.S. HB).
- Subrata K. Mitra, Mike Enskat, Clemens Spiess (eds.). 2004. Political Parties in South Asia. Greenwood: Praeger.
- Political Parties, Democratic Politics II, Textbook in Political Science for Class X, NCERT