Michael Jackson videography

American entertainer Michael Jackson (1958–2009) debuted on the professional music scene at age five as a member of the American family music group The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still part of the group.[1] Jackson promoted seven of his solo albums with music videos or, as he would refer to them, "short films". Some of them drew criticism for their violent and sexual elements; others were lauded by critics and awarded Guinness World Records for their length, success, and cost.[2][3]

Michael Jackson video discography
Jackson performing in 1993
Video albums9
Music videos61
Films13
Television1

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular culture and the first African-American entertainer to have a strong crossover fanbase on MTV.[4] The popularity of his music videos that aired on MTV such as "Billie Jean", "Beat It" and "Thriller"—credited for transforming the music video from a promotional tool into an art form—helped bring fame to the relatively new channel. The success of these music videos helped shift MTV's focus from its original "rock 'n' roll only" format to pop and R&B and saved the channel from financial ruin.[4][5] Michael Jackson's Thriller short film marked a growth in scale for music videos and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[6] The 18-minute music video for "Bad", directed by Martin Scorsese, depicts Jackson and Wesley Snipes as members of an inner-city gang. Jackson paid cinematic tribute to West Side Story with the choreography.[7] For the "Smooth Criminal" video, Jackson experimented with an anti-gravity lean, in which the performer leans forward at a 45-degree angle, beyond their center of gravity.[8] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, it won a Golden Lion Award in 1989 for the quality of the special effects used in its production and a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1990.[9] Jackson received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988, which was renamed the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in his honor in 1991. He won the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990.[10]

"Black or White" was released on November 14, 1991.[11] It featured Macaulay Culkin, Tess Harper, George Wendt and Jackson. The video helped introduce morphing, seamlessly changing one image into another, as an important technology in music videos.[12] "Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, with a complex dance routine, set in ancient Egypt featuring appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson.[13] The video for "In the Closet" featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson.[10] The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it garnered eleven MTV Video Music Award nominations—more than any other music video.[14] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterward, at $7 million, Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made.[15] "Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive environmentally themed music video showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution, and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.[15][16] Released at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston.[17] The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and broke the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[3] The music video for "You Rock My World", which is thirteen and a half minutes long, was directed by Paul Hunter and released in 2001. The video features appearances by Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando.[18] The video won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video at the award show's 2002 ceremonies.[19]

In 1978, Jackson appeared in his first film, The Wiz.[20] It was nominated for four awards at the 51st Academy Awards.[21][22][23] Jackson later starred in Disney's Captain EO in 1986, the anthology film Moonwalker in 1988 and the posthumous documentary This Is It in 2009.[24][25][26]

List of music videos

1970s
List of music videos during the 1970s
Title Year Other performer(s) credited Director(s) Description Ref(s)
"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" 1979 None Nick Saxton The singer's first music video as a solo artist shows a smiling Jackson dancing and singing "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" in a black and white tuxedo with a black bow tie while appearing chroma keyed over a background of abstract geometric figures. At one point, Jackson is seen dancing in triplicate, which was considered innovative at the time. [27][28][29]
"Rock with You" None Bruce Gowers The video features Jackson in a sparkly sequined suit singing the song with a bright laser behind him. It was filmed on the 800 Stage in Los Angeles. [27][30]

1980s
Steve Barron, director of "Billie Jean"
Bob Giraldi, director of "Beat It" and "Say Say Say"and "The Girl Is Mine"
Paul McCartney was featured in the "Say Say Say" video.
John Landis, director of "Thriller" and "Black or White"
Martin Scorsese, director of "Bad"
Paula Abdul appears in the "Liberian Girl" video.
Dan Aykroyd appears in the "Liberian Girl" video.
Steven Spielberg appears in the "Liberian Girl" video.
List of music videos during the 1980s
Title Year Other performer(s) credited Director(s) Description Ref(s)
"She's Out of My Life" 1980 None Bruce Gowers The song's music video features Jackson sitting on a stool in a darkened room, lit by a single spotlight, singing. Use of split-screen technique shows Jackson simultaneously from two different angles during the second and third verses. [27][31]
"Billie Jean" 1983 None Steve Barron The short film for "Billie Jean" is considered the video that brought MTV, until then a fairly new and unknown music channel, to mainstream attention. It was one of the first videos by a black artist to be aired regularly by the channel, as the network's executives felt black music was not "rock" enough. [27][32][33]
"Beat It" None Bob Giraldi The music video for "Beat It" helped to establish Jackson as an international pop icon. It cost him $150,000 to produce when CBS refused to finance it. The video was filmed on Los Angeles' Skid Row, mainly in locations on East 5th Street. [27][34][35][36]
"Say Say Say" Paul McCartney In the short film, the duo plays "Mac and Jack", a pair of con men who sell a "miracle potion". Filmed at Los Alamos near Santa Barbara, California, the video cost $500,000 to produce and features cameo appearances by Paul McCartney's then-wife, Linda, and Jackson's older sister La Toya. [37][38][39][40]
"Thriller" None John Landis Released over a year after its parent album, Thriller is one of Jackson's most successful music videos. It was filmed at the Palace Theatre in downtown Los Angeles with Ola Ray co-starring as Jackson's love interest. The zombie dance in the video remains a Halloween favorite today. [27][41]
"We Are the World" 1985 USA for Africa Tom Trbovich This music video shows Jackson with other members of the supergroup United Support of Artists (USA) for Africa recording the charity single in a studio. [42][43]
"Bad" 1987 None Martin Scorsese The video is an 18-minute short film written by novelist and screenwriter Richard Price. Jackson portrays a private school student named Darryl, who is home on vacation. Darryl meets up with his old friends, including gang leader, Mini Max, played by Wesley Snipes. Darryl wants to prove to his friends that private school has not changed him—he's still "Bad". To do so, he takes his friends to a subway station to rob an elderly man, but Darryl has a change of heart and Mini Max chastises him for it. The camera then pans away to show Darryl surrounded by a different gang, who all break into song and dance to prove "Who's Bad". [27][44][45]
"The Way You Make Me Feel" None Joe Pytka The short version of the video is 6 minutes and 34 seconds long; the full version is 9 minutes and 33 minutes in length. The video begins with a group of men attempting to get the attention of women. Jackson's character appears to stand apart from the group in his approach to attracting the attention of their female counterparts. Former model Tatiana Thumbtzen plays Jackson's love interest in the video. After playfully chasing her throughout the video and captivating her through dance, the video ends with them in a warm embrace. Joe Seneca and Sean Cheesman have minor roles in the video. [46]
"Man in the Mirror" 1988 None Donald Wilson This video differs from Jackson's others because he does not appear in it, apart from a brief clip toward the end where he can be seen donning a red jacket and standing in a large crowd. It features a montage of clips of children in Africa, Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, kids at graduation, and other historical figures. [27][47][48]
"Dirty Diana" None Joe Pytka Joe Pytka directed the five-minute music video for this song. Model Lisa Dean appears in it. A second seven-minute-long accompanying video of a live performance (not to be confused with the actual music video) was filmed in early 1988 before a live audience during a Jackson show at Madison Square Garden. [49]
"Another Part of Me" None Patrick Kelly The video features Jackson performing the song live during his Bad World Tour. The film footage was taken on July 22, 1988, at Wembley Stadium, with additional footage coming from the June 27–28 shows at Parc des Princes in Paris and from the show at Volksparkstadion in Hamburg on July 1.
"Smooth Criminal" None Colin Chilvers In the music video, Michael Jackson and the dancers immediately around him perform a seemingly impossible forward lean. To accomplish this maneuver, a hitching mechanism that Jackson co-patented was built into the floor of the stage and the performers' shoes, allowing them to lean without needing to keep their centers of mass directly over their feet. [27][50]
"Speed Demon" None Jerry Kramer
Will Vinton		 Jackson filmed a promotional video for the song, seen first as a segment in the anthology film Moonwalker (1988). It is directed by Will Vinton, who produced it with Jerry Kramer, Michael Jackson, and Frank Dileo. [51]
"Come Together" None Jerry Kramer
Colin Chilvers		 Jackson filmed this as a promotional video for the song, which was originally a segment of his 1988 film Moonwalker. [52]
"Leave Me Alone" None Jim Blashfield Fueled by Jackson's anti-media anger, the video sees the singer ride through a funhouse of newspaper clippings reporting on his eccentric behavior. The video took nine months to produce: the filmed footage was cut into stills, which were then edited using stop motion animation. [27][53]
"2300 Jackson Street" 1989 The Jacksons
Marlon Jackson
Janet Jackson
Rebbie Jackson		 Greg Gold The video features most of the Jackson family members, including Michael. Some scenes include the Jackson family playing pool and the Jackson brothers playing football. It also shows the Jackson family singing the song together. The video was shot in March 1989 in Hayvenhurst, Encino, Los Angeles. [54][55][56][57][58]
"Liberian Girl" None Jim Yukich The music video features many of Jackson's celebrity friends—Paula Abdul, Dan Aykroyd, Danny Glover, Steven Spielberg, John Travolta, Olivia Newton-John, among others—who gathered on a sound stage to film the music video for "Liberian Girl", only to discover that Jackson had been filming them all along. [59]

1990s
Macaulay Culkin appears in the "Black or White" video.
Naomi Campbell appears in the "In The Closet" video.
Michael Jordan appears in the "Jam" video.
David Fincher, director of "Who Is It"
Eddie Murphy was featured in "Whatzupwitu" and made a cameo appearance in "Remember the Time" video.
Janet Jackson was featured in "Scream" video.
Lisa Marie Presley appears in the "You Are Not Alone" video.
Spike Lee, director of "They Don't Care About Us"
List of music videos during the 1990s
Title Year Other performer(s) credited Director(s) Description Ref(s)
"Black or White" 1991 None John Landis The video features Macaulay Culkin, Tess Harper, and George Wendt. This was the second time John Landis and Jackson worked together, the previous time being Thriller. Vincent Paterson choreographed it. [27][60]
"Remember the Time" 1992 None John Singleton A nine-minute video directed by John Singleton and promoted as a "short film" was released to promote Dangerous. Choreographed by Fatima Robinson, it is set in ancient Egypt and features what has been described as "elaborate special effects" and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman, The Pharcyde, Magic Johnson, Tom "Tiny" Lister, Jr., and Wylie Draper. The video features Jackson's first on-screen kiss, with Iman as Nefertiti. [27][61][62][63]
"In the Closet" None Herb Ritts This sepia-colored music video features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel Naomi Campbell. The spoken vocals by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video. The clip was filmed in Salton Sea, California. [27][64]
"Jam" Heavy D David Kellogg Rap duo Kris Kross and Michael Jordan make cameo appearances in the video. Both Jordan and Jackson teach one another their special talents—Jordan's basketball skills and Jackson's "moonwalk". [27][65][66]
"Heal the World" None Joe Pytka The music video features children living in countries suffering from civil unrest, especially Burundi. It is also one of only a handful that does not feature Jackson. [67]
"Give In to Me" 1993 None Andy Morahan Shot in Munich, Germany, this features Jackson performing the song on stage at an indoor rock concert with ex-Living Color bassist Muzz Skillings, Guns N' Roses guitarists Slash and Gilby Clarke, and the band's touring keyboardist Teddy Andreadis. [68]
"Will You Be There" None Vincent Paterson The music video features Jackson performing the song during his Dangerous World Tour and footage from Free Willy. [69][70]
"Whatzupwitu" Eddie Murphy Wayne Isham
Klasky Csupo		 Jackson and Murphy instantly materialize from a cosmic cloud in this video. The pair playfully sing and dance as peace signs and music notes scroll across the screen behind them. This was the second time Murphy and Jackson had worked together, the first being for the music video for "Remember the Time". [71][72]
"Who Is It" None David Fincher In the music video, Jackson is featured falling in love with a high-priced escort and staring sadly at the city skyline. [27][73]
"Gone Too Soon" None Bill DiCicco The footage in the music video features scenes of Jackson and Ryan White together, as well as brief coverage of White's funeral. Home movies, provided by White's mother Jeanne, are also seen in the short film. [74][75]
"HIStory Teaser" 1995 None Rupert Wainwright This served as a promotional music video for Michael Jackson's HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I studio album. [76]
"Scream" Janet Jackson Mark Romanek The music video is 4 minutes and 46 seconds long and was choreographed by Travis Payne, LaVelle Smith Jr., Tina Landon, Sean Cheesman, and Sacha Lucashenko. It features a dystopic, playful spaceship dance-off between Jackson and his sister Janet. The video cost $7 million to make. [27][77]
"Childhood" None Nick Brandt Jason James Richter and Francis Capra, actors from the movie Free Willy 2, both make a cameo appearance in the video. [78]
"You Are Not Alone" None Wayne Isham The video features temple scenes that are an homage to Maxfield Parrish's 1922 painting Daybreak and theater scenes that were filmed at the Pantages Theatre, in Los Angeles. Lisa Marie Presley, Jackson's wife at the time, appears in an affectionate semi-nude scene with him. [79]
"Earth Song" None Nick Brandt The video was filmed in three geographic regions (the Americas, Europe, and Africa). The first location is the Amazon rainforest; the natives who appear in the video are not actors. The second scene is a war zone in Karlovac, Croatia, with Croatian actor Slobodan Dimitrijević and the area's residents. Tanzania is the third location, where scenes of illegal poaching and hunting are incorporated into the video. The final location is in Warwick, New York, where a forest fire is simulated in a cornfield. [16][80]
"Why" 1996 3T Ralph Ziman The video featured 3T and Jackson and is shot in black and white. It was released in Michael Jackson's box set, Michael Jackson's Vision. [81]
"They Don't Care About Us" (Brazil Version) None Spike Lee This video is one of two made for the single. The first was filmed in Salvador (Pelourinho) and Rio de Janeiro. Jackson collaborated with 200 members of the cultural group Olodum, who "sway ... to the heavy beat of Salvador's samba-reggae music". [27][82]
"They Don't Care About Us" (Prison Version) None One of two music videos made for the single, this one was filmed in a prison. Jackson is seen handcuffed. It also contains actual footage of police attacking African Americans, the military crackdown against the protest in Tiananmen Square, the Ku Klux Klan, war crimes, genocide, execution, martial law, and other human rights abuses. [83][84]
"Stranger in Moscow" None Nick Brandt Shot in Los Angeles, this video is based on Jackson's personal life, portraying him walking around looking for new people to talk to, which he did in real life. [85][86]
"Blood on the Dance Floor" 1997 None Michael Jackson
Vincent Paterson		 In the video, Jackson shows sexual attraction towards a dancing woman in a salsa dance hall. Carmit Bachar, a member of The Pussycat Dolls, is featured as a dancer. [87][88]
"Blood on the Dance Floor (Refugee Camp Mix)" None Released on May 20, 1997, as part of the HIStory on Film, Volume II video album. Second music video for "Blood on the Dance Floor" featuring shots not seen in the original video.
"HIStory (Tony Moran's HIStory Lesson)" Boyz II Men Unknown The video features scenes from Jackson's short film Ghosts and live performances from the Bad World Tour and the Dangerous World Tour. [89]
"Ghosts" None Stan Winston Four-minute cut-down of Jackson's 1996 short film of the same name. In the video, Jackson plays an eccentric man with supernatural powers trying to be forced out of a small town by its residents and judgmental mayor (also played by Jackson). [90]

2000s
Chris Tucker appears in the "You Rock My World" video.
Marlon Brando appears in the "You Rock My World" video.
List of music videos during the 2000s
Title Year Other performer(s) credited Director(s) Description Ref(s)
"You Rock My World" 2001 None Paul Hunter The video, which is over thirteen minutes long, was described as a short film. Chris Tucker, Marlon Brando, Michael Madsen, and Billy Drago appear in it. [91][92]
"Cry" None Nick Brandt The video was filmed in six different locations, five of which were in California and another in Nevada. People featured in the video include members of a real-life gospel group. [53][93]
"What More Can I Give" The All Stars Unknown The song for the music video was created as a charity single for 9/11. It features Celine Dion, NSYNC, Mariah Carey and Destiny's Child. [94]
"Cheater" 2004 None Unknown The music video features clips from the Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour DVD; the track is included in The Ultimate Collection released in 2004. [95]
"This Is It" 2009 The Jacksons Spike Lee The video premiered posthumously on the webpage of Spike Lee's production company 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks. Almost five minutes long, it features scenes of Jackson's hometown and former residence in Gary, Indiana, along with photos and videos of him and tributes from his fans around the world. [96]

2010s
Akon was featured in "Hold My Hand video."
Barry Gibb was featured in "All in Your Name" video.
Justin Timberlake was featured in "Love Never Felt So Good" video.
List of music videos during the 2010s
Title Year Other performer(s) credited Director(s) Description Ref(s)
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti" 2010 None Paul Haggis This song's music video is formatted similarly to the original "We Are the World". It opens with the title and the recording artists' signatures surrounding it. Clips of them performing their parts in the recording studio and archive footage of Michael Jackson performing his part of the song form the basis of the video. The video is intercut with clips showing people in Haiti after the earthquake. [97]
"One More Chance" None Nick Brandt Released in its incomplete form, this video features Jackson dancing on tabletops for a group of fans standing on an elevated stage watching him perform. [98]
"Hold My Hand" Akon Mark Pellington There was a casting call posted on Jackson's official website looking for fans to participate in this video. The video is a compilation of archived Jackson performances and fans paying tribute to their hero, while Akon is featured singing throughout. [99]
"Hollywood Tonight" 2011 None Wayne Isham This video was shot in front of the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood, California. Sofia Boutella portrays the lead dancer in the video. [100]
"Behind the Mask" None Dennis Liu
Aggressive		 Two versions of the music video were made, the first in 2011 and the second, known as the alternative version, in 2013. [101]
"All in Your Name" Barry Gibb Barry Gibb The video shows unseen footage of Barry Gibb recording an unreleased track of the song with Michael Jackson in 2002. [102]
"Love Never Felt So Good" 2014 Justin Timberlake Rich Lee
Justin Timberlake		 Two versions of the music video were released. The first features a crowd of young dancers lip-syncing with Justin Timberlake singing along and performing some of Jackson's signature moves. The second version of the duet features clips from other Michael Jackson music videos, such as "Dirty Diana" and "You Rock My World", along with some of Jackson's live performances, such as "Billie Jean". [103]
"A Place with No Name" None Samuel Bayer The video weaves rare clips from Jackson's "In the Closet" video shoot. A second music video was released on Michael Jackson's Vevo page, with choreographed dances performed by the dancers of Cirque du Soleil's "Michael Jackson: One". [104]
"Say Say Say (2015 Remix)" 2015 Paul McCartney Ryan Heffington Paul McCartney released this music video that unveiled new vocal recordings by Jackson. [105]

Video albums
List of video albums
Title Album details Description Ref(s)
Moonwalker
  • Released: January 10, 1989
  • Label: Capital Home Video
  • Format: VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray
 Contains a collection of short films about Jackson, several of which are long-form music videos from Jackson's Bad album [106][107][108]
Dangerous: The Short Films
  • Released: November 12, 1993
  • Label: Legacy, Epic
  • Format: VHS and DVD
 Contains the music videos for Jackson's eighth studio album, Dangerous [106][109]
Video Greatest Hits – HIStory
  • Released: June 9, 1995
  • Label: Legacy, Epic
  • Format: VHS and DVD
 Contains the music videos for the greatest hits first disc of Jackson's double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I [106][110]
HIStory on Film, Volume II
  • Released: May 20, 1997
  • Label: Epic, SME
  • Format: VHS and DVD
 Contains the music videos for HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I and Jackson's remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, as well as content featured in Jackson's previous video collection [106]
Number Ones
  • Released: November 18, 2003
  • Label: Legacy, Epic
  • Format: DVD
 Contains a collection of music videos, mostly from Jackson's studio albums. [106][111]
The One
  • Released: March 9, 2004
  • Label: Epic
  • Format: DVD
 Contains interviews with other celebrities about Jackson's influence, and footage from Jackson's previous music videos [106]
Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour
  • Released: July 26, 2005
  • Label: Legacy
  • Format: DVD
 Contains the Dangerous World Tour concert show special as it originally aired on HBO in October 1992 [106][112]
Michael Jackson's Vision
  • Release date: November 22, 2010
  • Label: Legacy
  • Format: DVD
 Contains forty-two music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio [106][113]
Live at Wembley July 16, 1988
  • Release date: September 18, 2012
  • Label: Legacy
  • Format: DVD
 Contains a performance of the Bad world tour, performing songs from the album Bad [106][114][115]

Film
List of films
Title Year Role Director Notes Ref(s)
The Wiz 1978 Scarecrow Sidney Lumet Musical adventure film [20]
Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller 1983 Himself John Landis Documentary [116]
Captain EO 1986 Captain EO Francis Ford Coppola Short film [117]
Moonwalker 1988 Himself Jerry Kramer Anthology film
Executive producer
Story writer		 [118]
Michael Jackson's Ghosts 1996 Maestro / Mayor /
Mayor Ghoul / Super Ghoul /
Skeleton		 Stan Winston Short film [17]
Men in Black II 2002 Agent M Barry Sonnenfeld Cameo appearance [119]
Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls 2004 Agent MJ Bryan Michael Stoller Cameo appearance [120]
Michael Jackson's This Is It 2009 Himself Kenny Ortega Documentary [121]
Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon 2011 Himself Andrew Eastel Documentary [122]
Bad 25 2012 Himself Spike Lee Documentary [123]
Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot 2014 Himself Craig Williams Documentary [124]
Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall 2016 Himself Spike Lee Documentary [125]

Television

"Stark Raving Dad" (1991) was the first episode in the third season of The Simpsons. Jackson performed the speaking voice of Leon Kompowsky using the pseudonym John Jay Smith.[126] The producers of the show were legally prevented from confirming that Jackson guest-starred, although many media sources assumed it was him. The episode was written specifically for Jackson, a fan of the show, who had called Matt Groening, the show's creator one night and offered to do a guest spot.[127] The offer was accepted and Al Jean and Mike Reiss wrote a script based on an idea pitched by James L. Brooks.[128] Groening and co-executive producer Sam Simon also contributed significantly to the writing of the episode.[128]

In 2017, archival recordings of Jackson were used in the TV special Michael Jackson's Halloween.[129][130][131][132]

References

Footnotes
  1. George, p. 20
  2. Cheryn, Carl. XXL: Michael Jackson Special Collecters Edition. American Press. p. 95.
  3. "Longest music video". Guinness World Records. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  4. Gundersen, Edna (August 25, 2005). "Music videos changing places". USA Today. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  5. Palmer, Tamara (March 10, 2013). "How the 'Billie Jean' Video Changed MTV". The Root. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  6. "Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller". BBC News Online. July 26, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  7. Finkelstein, Sabrina (August 10, 2017). "Wesley Snipes Says He Stole Prince's Role in Michael Jackson's 'Bad' Video". Billboard. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  8. "Doctors explain Michael Jackson's impossible dance move". www.bbc.com. May 22, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  9. George, 2004, pp. 43–4.
  10. George, 2004, pp. 45–6.
  11. "The return of the King of Pop". Today. June 8, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  12. Campbell, 1993, p. 303.
  13. Campbell, 1993, pp. 313–4.
  14. Boepple, Leanne (November 1, 1995). "Scream: Space Odyssey, Jackson-Style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video)". TCI: Theatre Crafts International. Theatre Crafts International. 29: 52. ISSN 1063-9497.
  15. George, 2004, pp. 48–50.
  16. Michael Jackson HIStory on Film volume II VHS/DVD
  17. Taraborrelli, p. 610
  18. Montgomery, James (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Video Co-Stars: From Eddie Murphy to Marlon Brando". MTV.com. MTV News. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  19. "NAACP Image Award Spotlight Black' Achievements". Jet. Vol. 101, no. 13. Johnson Publishing Company. March 18, 2002. p. 36. ISSN 0021-5996.
  20. Jones, pp. 229, 259
  21. Staff (2007). "Database search for The Wiz". Oscars.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  22. Langman, Larry (2000). Destination Hollywood: The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking. McFarland & Company. pp. 155, 156. ISBN 978-0-7864-0681-4.
  23. Howard, Adam (April 11, 2011). "How Lumet's 'The Wiz' became a black cult classic". The Grio. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
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  27. Browne, David (June 24, 2014). "Michael Jackson's 20 Greatest Videos: The Stories Behind the Vision". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  28. Halstead, p. 92
  29. Taraborrelli, pp. 183–187
  30. Halstead, p. 262
  31. Halstead, p. 278
  32. Halstead, p. 37
  33. Campbell 1993, p. 58.
  34. Halstead, p. 29
  35. Cadman & Halstead 2007, p. 29.
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  37. Campbell, p. 69.
  38. Barrow, p. 92
  39. Grant, p. 270.
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  41. Halstead, p. 320
  42. Marsh, p. 518
  43. "South Jordan band wins eWorld Music Awards". Deseret News. February 18, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  44. Halstead, p. 23
  45. "'Bad' Choreographer Remembers Michael Jackson". National Public Radio. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
  46. Halstead, p. 341
  47. Halstead, p. 216
  48. ""Man In The Mirror" short film (with photos and video)". Leaf & Letters (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
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  50. Halstead, p. 18
  51. "Review: 'Moonwalker'". Variety. December 31, 1987. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  52. Halstead, p. 70
  53. Halstead, p. 197
  54. Company, Johnson Publishing (September 25, 1989). "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company – via Google Books.
  55. Company, Johnson Publishing (August 21, 1989). "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company – via Google Books.
  56. Company, Johnson Publishing (June 30, 2003). "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company – via Google Books.
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  60. Halstead, p. 42
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