N

N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is en (pronounced /ˈɛn/), plural ens.[1]

N
N n
(See below)
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[n]
[ŋ]
[ɲ]
[ɳ]
[nˠ]
[]
[◌̃]
/ɛn/
Unicode codepointU+004E, U+006E
Alphabetical position14
History
Development
Time period~-700 to present
Descendants 
  Ƞ
  Ŋ
  ɧ
  ʩ
SistersН
Ң
Ӊ
Ӈ
Ԋ
נ
ן
ن
ܢ
ނ
Ն ն
Մ մ





Variations(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used withn(x), nh, ng, ny

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
Phoenician
Nun
Etruscan
N
Greek
Nu
Latin
N

One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like the English J, because the Egyptian word for "snake" was djet. It is speculated by many that Semitic people working in Egypt adapted hieroglyphics to create the first alphabet, and that they used the same snake symbol to represent N, because their word for "snake" may have begun with that sound. However, the name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic alphabets is nun, which means "fish" in some of these languages. The sound value of the letter was /n/—as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin and modern languages.

Use in writing systems

n represents a dental or alveolar nasal in virtually all languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet. A common digraph with n is ng, which represents a velar nasal in a variety of languages, usually positioned word-finally in English.[2][3] Often, before a velar plosive (as in ink or jungle), n alone represents a velar nasal. In Italian and French, gn represents a palatal nasal /ɲ/. The Portuguese and Vietnamese spelling for this sound is nh, while Spanish, Breton, and a few other languages use the letter ñ.

In English, n is generally silent when it is preceded by an m at the end of words, as in hymn; however, it is pronounced in this combination when occurring word medially, as in hymnal.

On the other hand, other consonants are often silent when they precede an n at the beginning of an English word. Examples include gnome, knife, mnemonic, and pneumonia.

n is the sixth-most common letter and the second-most commonly used consonant in the English language (after t).[4]

Other uses

In mathematics, the italic form n is a particularly common symbol for a variable quantity which represents a natural number. The set of natural numbers is referred to as

  • N with diacritics: Ń ń Ñ ñ Ň ň Ǹ ǹ Ṅ ṅ Ṇ ṇ Ņ ņ Ṉ ṉ Ṋ ṋ Ꞥ ꞥ [5][6]
  • Phonetic alphabet symbols related to N (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
    • Ŋ ŋ : Latin letter eng, which represents a velar nasal in the IPA
    • 𝼔 : Small letter eng with palatal hook, which is used in phonetic transcription[7][8]
    • 𝼇 : Small letter reversed eng, which is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)[9]
    • Ɲ ɲ : Latin letter Ɲ, which represents a palatal nasal or an alveolo-palatal nasal in the IPA
    • n : Superscript small n, which represents a nasal release in the IPA
    • Ƞ ƞ : Latin letter Ƞ (encoded in Unicode as "N with long right leg"), a mostly obsolete letter used to transcribe various nasal sounds
    • ɳ : Latin letter n with a hook, which represents a retroflex nasal in the IPA
    •  : Modifier letter small n with retroflex hook[10]
    •  : Modifier letter small n with left hook[6]
    • ɴ : Small capital N, which represents a uvular nasal in the IPA
    •  : Modifier letter small capital N[6]
  • Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to N:[11]
    • U+1D0E LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED N
    • U+1D3A MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL N
    • U+1D3B MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED N
    • U+1D51 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ENG
  • n : Subscript small n was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[12]
  • Teuthonista phonetic transcription system uses U+AB3B LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CROSSED-TAIL and U+AB3C LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH CROSSED-TAIL[3]
  • ȵ : N with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics[2]
  • Ꞑ ꞑ : N with descender
  • 𝼧: Small letter n with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.[13]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤍 : Semitic letter Nun, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ν ν : Greek letter Nu, from which the following symbols originally derive
      • Ⲛ ⲛ : Coptic letter Ne
      • Н н : Cyrillic letter En
      • 𐌍 : Old Italic N, which is the ancestor of modern Latin N
      • 𐌽 : Gothic letter nauþs

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

  •  : Nigerian Naira

Computing codes

Character information
PreviewNn
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N LATIN SMALL LETTER N
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode78U+004E110U+006E
UTF-8784E1106E
Numeric character referenceNNnn
EBCDIC family213D514995
ASCII 1784E1106E
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

NATO phonetic Morse code
November
    

Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-1345
Unified English Braille

References

  1. "N" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "en," op. cit.
  2. Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  3. Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
  4. "English Letter Frequency".
  5. Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF).
  6. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  7. Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  8. Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
  9. Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF).
  10. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  11. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
  12. Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
  13. Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF).
  • Media related to N at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of n at Wiktionary
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