One-party state

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

World's states colored by form of government1
  • Map legend
         Full presidential republics2      Semi-presidential republics2
         Republics with an executive president elected by or nominated by the legislature that may or may not be subject to parliamentary confidence      Parliamentary republics2
         Parliamentary constitutional monarchies where royalty does not hold significant power      Parliamentary constitutional monarchies which have a separate head of government but where royalty holds significant executive and/or legislative power
         Absolute monarchies      One-party states
         Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military juntas)      Countries which do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. provisional governments/unclear political situations)
         No government
    1 This map was compiled according to the Wikipedia list of countries by system of government. See there for sources.
    2 This map presents only the de jure form of government, and not the de facto degree of democracy.
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Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain,[2] the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'etat is often considered the first one-party state.[3]

Concept

One-party states explain themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, and therefore its right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that multiple parties represented the class struggle and because of this the Soviet Union legally authorized and recognized a single party leading the proletariat, namely the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition such as a popular front. However, these parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the People's Republic of China under the United Front, the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Others may outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independent, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others may both outlaw all other parties and include party membership as a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.

Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.

Most one-party states have been ruled by one of the following:

  1. A party which supports the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and vanguardism (sometimes described as "communist states", such as the Soviet Union)
  2. A party which supports a nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party)
  3. A party that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.

One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian, to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.

Current one-party states

As of 2022 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Notes
China
Xi Jinping		 General Secretary Chinese Communist Party Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1 October 1949 73 years, 22 days Leads the United Front
Cuba
Miguel Díaz-Canel		 First Secretary Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, left-wing nationalism 16 April 1961 61 years, 190 days
Eritrea
Isaias Afwerki		 Chairperson People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism, statism 24 May 1993 29 years, 152 days
Laos
Thongloun Sisoulith		 General Secretary Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 2 December 1975 46 years, 325 days
North Korea
Kim Jong-un		 General Secretary Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism 10 October 1945 77 years, 13 days Leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Brahim Ghali		 Secretary General Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism, social democracy 27 February 1976 46 years, 238 days
Vietnam
Nguyễn Phú Trọng		 General Secretary Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 1945 77 years, 51 days

Former one-party states
Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Continent
Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Secularism February 14, 1977[4][5] April 28, 1978 Asia
Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism December 24, 1980 July 27, 1990 Asia
Albanian Kingdom Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia June 2, 1939 July 27, 1943 Europe
Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism, Fascism July 27, 1943 September 8, 1943 Europe
Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism September 14, 1943 November 29, 1943 Europe
Democratic Government of Albania Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism October 20, 1944 August 5, 1945 Europe
Democratic Government of Albania Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) August 5, 1945 January 11, 1946 Europe
Albania January 11, 1946 December 11, 1990 Europe
 Algeria National Liberation Front Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1989 Africa
People's Republic of Angola People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism November 11, 1975 May 30, 1991 Africa
Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism December 2, 1920 December 30, 1922 Asia
Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 12, 1922 December 30, 1922 Asia
Federal State of Austria Fatherland Front Clerical fascism May 1, 1934 March 13, 1938 Europe
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism April 30, 1920 December 30, 1922 Asia
Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 12, 1922 December 30, 1922 Asia
 Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Bengali nationalism, Socialism 1975 1975 Asia
Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 1963 1965 Africa
Benin People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally) November 30, 1975 March 1, 1990 Africa
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia National Partnership Nazism March 21, 1939 May 9, 1945 Europe
Brazilian military regime ARENA[note 1] Militarism, Social conservatism, National conservatism, Brazilian nationalism, Anti-communism, National security 1964 1979 South America
Bulgaria Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism September 15, 1946 January 15, 1990 Europe
Burma Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 1962 1988 Asia
Republic of Burundi Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests July 11, 1974 March 13, 1992 Africa
Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 31, 1920 December 30, 1922 Europe
 Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism 1955 1970 Asia
Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism January 7, 1979 October 23, 1991 Asia
Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent September 1, 1966[6] March 24, 1985 Africa
 Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia 1975 1990 Africa
 Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1980 Africa
 Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1980 1990 Africa
 Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1980 Africa
 Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism, Republicanism March 1, 1980 September 2, 1981 Africa
 Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism February 6, 1987 April 22, 1991[7] Africa
Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism April 16, 1962 April 6, 1973 Africa
 Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism April 6, 1973 April 13, 1975 Africa
 Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 1984 1990 Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1928 Asia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1931 Asia
Chinese Soviet Republic Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1937 Asia
Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1935 1942 Asia
 Republic of China[note 2]/Taiwan Kuomintang Tridemism 1 July 1925 15 July 1987 Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1937 1949 Asia
 Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 Africa
People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism January 31, 1969 1991 Africa
Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism 1917 1919 North America
Czechoslovakia Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism February 25, 1948 November 30, 1989 Europe
Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism, Republicanism 1961 1963 Africa
 Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1977 1992 Africa
Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism 1931 1961 Central America
East Germany Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism October 7, 1949 March 30, 1950 Europe
East Germany Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 30, 1950 December 1, 1989 Europe
 Egypt National Democratic Party Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent 1956 1958 Africa
 Egypt National Democratic Party Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent 1961 1962 Africa
 Egypt Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1962 1976 Africa
El Salvador National Pro Patria Party Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy 1931 1944 South America
 Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism 1970 1979 Africa
 Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism, Militarism 1987 1991 Africa
 Eritrea Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

 1994 Africa
Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism, Personalism March 9, 1935 July 21, 1940 Europe
Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 21, 1940 August 9, 1940 Europe
Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism September 12, 1984 February 22, 1987 Africa
Ethiopia Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism February 22, 1987 April 28, 1991 Africa
 Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 1968 1990 Africa
Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 Asia
Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 12, 1922 December 30, 1922 Asia
Nazi Germany National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism July 14, 1933 May 23, 1945 Europe
Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Nazism, collaborationism December 14, 1941 May 6, 1945 Europe
 Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1964 1966 Africa
Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism, Marxism–Leninism March 13, 1979 October 25, 1983 Central America
Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism 1931 1944 South America
 Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism 1958 1984 Africa
 Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1974 1991 Africa
Haiti National Unity Party Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism 1957 1985 Central America
Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation, Annexationism 1894 1898 North America
Government of National Unity Arrow Cross Party Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism October 16, 1944 May 7, 1945 Europe
Hungary Hungarian Working People's Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism August 20, 1949 October 30, 1956 Europe
Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism November 4, 1956 October 7, 1989 Europe
 Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism, Marhaenism August 17, 1945 November 3, 1945 Asia
Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position 1975 1978 Asia
 Iran Islamic Republican Party Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment 1981 1987 Asia
Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1964 1968 Asia
Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Saddamist Ba'athism 1968 2003 Asia
Kingdom of Italy
  • Libya
 National Fascist Party
  • Muslim Association of the Lictor
 Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism May 17, 1928[8]
  • January 9, 1939
 July 27, 1943 Europe
  • Africa
Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism September 13, 1943 April 28, 1945 Europe
 Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1990 Africa
Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism 1940 1945 Asia
Philippine Executive Commission Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan, collaborationism December 8, 1942 October 14, 1943 Asia
Kampuchea Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism April 17, 1975 June 22, 1982 Asia
 Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism 1982 1991 Africa
Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism April 10, 1941 May 8, 1945 Europe
Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism December 17, 1918 January 13, 1920 Europe
Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 21, 1940 August 5, 1940 Europe
Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism 1971 1977 Africa
Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism February 17, 1919 July 17, 1919 Europe
Lithuania Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Antisemitism 1927 1940 Europe
Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 21, 1940 August 3, 1940 Europe
Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism 1976 1989 Africa
 Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism 1964 1993 Africa
 Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism 1960 1968 Africa
 Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism, Democratic centralism 1976 1991 Africa
Manchukuo Concordia Association Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism April 1, 1932[9] May 1, 1945[9] Asia
 Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism 1961 1978 Africa
Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1921 July 29, 1990 Asia
Mozambique FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism June 25, 1975 December 1, 1990 Africa
 Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1974 Africa
 Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
 Vietnam (partially) Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought September 2, 1945 1946 Asia
 North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 1955 July 2, 1976 Asia
 North Yemen General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent 1982 1988 Asia
National Government National Rally Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism September 25, 1940 May 8, 1945 Europe
 Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party[10] İttihadism 11 June 1913 1918 Asia/Europe
Paraguay Colorado Party Conservatism, national conservatism 1947 1962 South America
Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1920 1921 Asia
Republic of the Philippines Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan, collaborationism October 14, 1943 August 17, 1945 Asia
Poland Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism February 5, 1947 July 1982 Europe
Poland Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 1982 August 24, 1989 Europe
Portugal National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano July 30, 1930[11] October 8, 1945[11] Europe
Portugal National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano January 31, 1948[12] September 1969[note 3] Europe
Portugal People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1970 April 25, 1974 Europe
Romania Party of the Nation Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism December 16, 1938 September 6, 1940 Europe
National Legionary State Iron Guard Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism September 6, 1940 January 23, 1941 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism February 5, 1948 1968 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1968 1980 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1980 December 29, 1989 Europe
 Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
 Rwanda National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism 1978 1991 Africa
San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism, Corporatism 1926 1943 Europe
 San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
 Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism, African socialism 1966 1974 Africa
 Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism, Marxism-Leninism 1977 1991 Africa
 Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism, Democratic socialism 1978 1991 Africa
Slovak Republic Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism March 14, 1939 May 8, 1945 Europe
Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

 July 1976 January 26, 1991 Africa
 South Yemen National Liberation Front Arab nationalism, Arab socialism November 30, 1967 October 31, 1978 Asia
 South Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism October 31, 1978 May 22, 1990 Asia
Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism May 21, 1994 July 7, 1994 Asia
Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism November 29, 1918 June 5, 1919 Europe
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 8, 1918[13] December 30, 1922 Europe/Asia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism January 19, 1918 March 8, 1918[13] Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism December 30, 1922 December 31, 1925[13] Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism December 31, 1925[13] October 13, 1952[13] Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism October 13, 1952[13] October 9, 1990[14] Europe/Asia
Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism 1924 1930 Europe
Spanish State FET y de las JONS Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism April 19, 1937 July 6, 1976[15] Europe
Democratic Republic of the Sudan Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism 1971 1985 Africa
 Sudan National Congress Party Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism 1989 2005 Africa
Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western 1953 1954 Asia
 Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism 1963 February 27, 2012[16][17] Asia
 São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 Africa
 Tanganyika Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa 1961 1977 Africa
 Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa, African socialism 1977 1992 Africa
 Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
 Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism, Right-wing populism 1969 1991 Africa
 Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism 1963 1964 Africa
 Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism 1964 1981 Africa
 Turkey (one-party period) Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
 Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party 1992 2008 Asia
Tuva Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism August 14, 1921 October 11, 1944 Asia
 Uganda Uganda People's Congress Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1969 1971 Africa
Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism March 10, 1919 December 30, 1922 Europe
 United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism 1958 1961 Africa
Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1966 Africa
Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism 1929 1931 Europe
Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism November 29, 1945 January 22, 1990 Europe
Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité 1970 1990 Africa
 Zambia United National Independence Party African socialism, African nationalism 1972 1990 Africa
 Zanzibar Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 1964 1977 Africa

See also
  • Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
  • Political organisation
  • Dominant-party system
  • Political factionalism
  • Outline of democracy
  • Multi-party system
  • Two-party system
  • List of political party songs

Notes
  1. Although there was an official democratic opposition, the MDB, ARENA was de facto the only governing party.
  2. The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  3. Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.

References
  1. Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. ISBN 9781608716791.
  2. Holmes, Geoffrey; and Szechi, D. (2014). The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN 131789426X. ISBN 978-1317894261.
  3. Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
  4. Afghanistan: A Country Study
  5. "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  6. The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006
  7. Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
  8. Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945
  9. China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945
  10. Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
  11. 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
  12. Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military
  13. The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis By Jane Henderson
  14. Ideology And Political System By Kundan Kumar
  15. Law 21/1976, of June 14, on the Right of Political Association.
  16. "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  17. Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
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