Party of European Socialists

The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social democratic European political party.[6]

Party of European Socialists
PresidentStefan Löfven (SE)
Secretary-GeneralAchim Post (DE)
Founded1973 (Confederation)
9–10 November 1992 (Party)
HeadquartersRue Guimard 10, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
Think tankFoundation for European Progressive Studies
Youth wingYoung European Socialists
Women's wingPES Women
IdeologySocial democracy[1][2]
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-left[2][3]
International affiliationProgressive Alliance[4]
Socialist International[5]
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colours  Red
European Parliament
145 / 705
European Council
7 / 27
European Commission
9 / 27
European Lower Houses
2,327 / 9,874
European Upper Houses
645 / 2,714
Website
pes.eu

The PES comprises national-level political parties from all member states of the European Union (EU) plus Norway and the United Kingdom. This includes major parties such as the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the French Socialist Party, the British Labour Party, the Italian Democratic Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. Parties from a number of other European countries and from the Mediterranean region are also admitted to the PES as associate or observer parties.[7] Most member, associate and observer parties are members of the wider Progressive Alliance or Socialist International.[4][5]

The PES is currently led by its president Stefan Löfven, a former Prime Minister of Sweden. Its political group in the European Parliament is the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D). The PES also operates in the European Committee of the Regions (in the PES Group in the Committee of the Regions) and the European Council.

Name

The party's English name is "Party of European Socialists". In addition, the following names are used in other languages:

  • Albanian: Partia e Socialistëve Europianë
  • Bosnian: Stranka europskih socijalista
  • Bulgarian: Партия на европейските социалисти
  • Croatian: Stranka europskih socijalista
  • Czech: Strana evropských socialistů
  • Danish: De Europæiske Socialdemokrater
  • Dutch: Partij van Europese Socialisten
  • Estonian: Euroopa Sotsialistlik Partei
  • Finnish: Euroopan sosialidemokraattinen puolue
  • French: Parti socialiste européen
  • German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Europas
  • Greek: Ευρωπαϊκό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα
  • Hungarian: Európai Szocialisták Pártja
  • Icelandic: Flokkur evrópskra sósíalista
  • Irish: Páirtí na Sóisialaithe Eorpach
  • Italian: Partito del Socialismo Europeo
  • Latvian: Eiropas Sociāldemokrātiskā partija
  • Lithuanian: Europos socialistų partija
  • Luxembourgish: Partei vun den Europäesche Sozialisten
  • Macedonian: Партија на европските социјалисти
  • Maltese: Partit tas-Soċjalisti Ewropej
  • Norwegian: Det europeiske sosialdemokratiske partiet
  • Polish: Partia Europejskich Socjalistów
  • Portuguese: Partido Socialista Europeu
  • Romanian: Partidul Socialiștilor Europeni
  • Serbian: Партија европских социјалиста
  • Slovak: Strana európskych socialistov
  • Slovene: Stranka evropskih socialistov
  • Spanish: Partido Socialista Europeo
  • Swedish: Europeiska socialdemokratiska partiet
  • Turkish: Avrupa Sosyalistler Partisi

In March 2014 following the congress in Rome, the PES added the tagline "Socialists and Democrats" to its name following the admission of Italy's Democratic Party into the organisation.[8]

History

1960s

In 1961, the Socialists in the European Parliament attempted to produce a common 'European Socialist Programme' but this was neglected due to the applications of Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway to join the European Community. The Socialists' 1962 congress pushed for greater democratisation and powers for Parliament, though it was only in 1969 that this possibility was examined by the member states.[9]

1970s

In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the European Community, bringing in new parties from these countries. The enlarged Socialist Congress met in Bonn and inaugurated the Confederation of the Socialist Parties of the European Community. The Congress also passed a resolution on social policy, including the right to decent work, social security, democracy and equality in the European economy.[10] In 1978, the Confederation of Socialist Parties approved the first common European election Manifesto. It focused on several goals among which the most important were to ensure a right to decent work, fight pollution, end discrimination, protect the consumer and promote peace, human rights and civil liberties.

1980s

At its Luxembourg Congress in 1980, the Confederation of Socialist Parties approved its first Statute. The accession of Greece to the EU in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986, brought in more parties.

In 1984, a common Socialist election manifesto proposed a socialist remedy for the economic crisis of the time by establishing a link between industrial production, protection of fundamental social benefits, and the fight for an improved quality of life.[10]

1990s

In 1992, with the European Community becoming the European Union and with the Treaty of Maastricht establishing the framework for political parties at a European level, the Confederation of Socialist Parties voted to transform itself into the Party of European Socialists. The party's first programme concentrated on job creation, democracy, gender equality, environmental and consumer protection, peace and security, regulation of immigration, discouragement of racism and fighting organised crime.[10]

Along with the Socialist Group in the European Parliament, the founding members of the PES were:[11]

2000s

In 2004 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES, succeeding Robin Cook in the post. He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 and again at the Prague Congress in 2009.

2010s

In 2010, the Foundation for European Progressive Studies was founded as the political foundation (think tank) of the PES.

Mr Rasmussen stood down at the PES Progressive Convention in Brussels on 24 November 2011. He was replaced as interim president by Sergey Stanishev, at the time chairman of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) and former prime minister of Bulgaria.

On 28–29 September 2012, the PES Congress in Brussels[12] Congress elected interim president Sergey Stanishev as full President, as well as four deputies: Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (1st Vice-President – PS), Elena Valenciano (PSOE), Jan Royall (Labour) and Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD). The same Congress elected Achim Post (SPD) as its new secretary general, and adopted a process which it described as "democratic and transparent" for electing its next candidate for Commission President in 2014.[13] Sergey Stanishev was re-elected PES President on 22–23 June 2015 in Budapest. The Congress also approved Achim Post (SPD) as the Secretary-General as well as the four Vice-Presidents: Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (PS), Carin Jämtin (Swedish Social Democratic Party), Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD) and Jan Royall (Labour).

On 7–8 December 2018, the PES Congress gathered in Lisbon to elect its leadership. Sergey Stanishev was confirmed as party President and Achim Post (SPD) as secretary general. Iratxe García (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) was elected by the new presidency 1st Vice-President of the PES and Francisco André (Socialist Party (Portugal)), Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD) and Marita Ulvskog (Swedish Social Democratic Party) were elected PES Vice-Presidents. During the PES Presidency of October 2019, Heléne Fritzon (Swedish Social Democratic Party) became PES Vice-President, replacing Marita Ulvskog.

Organisation

Member parties

The PES has thirty-three full member parties from each of the twenty-seven EU member states, Norway and the UK. There are a further twelve associate and twelve observer parties from other European countries.[14]

StateNameabbr.MEPsNational MPs
 Austria Social Democratic Party of Austria
Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs
SPÖ
5 / 19
40 / 183
19 / 62
 Belgium Socialist Party
Parti socialiste
PS
2 / 8
[. 1]
19 / 63
7 / 24
[. 1]
Forward, Socialist Movement
Vooruit, socialistische beweging
Vooruit
1 / 13
[. 2]
9 / 87
4 / 35
[. 2]
 Bulgaria Bulgarian Socialist Party
Българска социалистическа партия
Bulgarska sotsialisticheska partiya
BSP
5 / 17
26 / 240
 Croatia Social Democratic Party of Croatia
Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske
SDP
4 / 12
13 / 151
 Cyprus Movement for Social Democracy
Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών
Kinima Sosialdimokraton
EDEK
1 / 6
4 / 56
 Czech Republic Czech Social Democratic Party
Česká strana sociálně demokratická
ČSSD
1 / 21
0 / 200
3 / 81
 Denmark Social Democrats
Socialdemokraterne
A
3 / 14
49 / 179
 Estonia Social Democratic Party
Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond
SDE
2 / 7
9 / 101
 Finland Social Democratic Party of Finland
Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue
Finlands socialdemokratiska parti
SDP
2 / 14
40 / 200
 France Socialist Party
Parti socialiste
PS
6 / 79
65 / 348
28 / 577
 Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
SPD
16 / 96
206 / 735
(Bundestag)
19 / 69
(Bundesrat)
 Greece Panhellenic Socialist Movement - Movement for Change
Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα - Κίνημα Αλλαγής
Panellínio Sosialistikó Kínima– Kínima Allagís
PASOK-KINAL
2 / 21
22 / 300
 Hungary Hungarian Socialist Party
Magyar Szocialista Párt
MSZP
1 / 21
10 / 199
 Ireland Labour Party
Páirtí an Lucht Oibre
Lab
0 / 13
4 / 60
7 / 160
 Italy Democratic Party
Partito Democratico
PD
18 / 76
39 / 315
96 / 630
Italian Socialist Party
Partito Socialista Italiano
PSI
0 / 76
1 / 315
1 / 630
 Latvia Social Democratic Party "Harmony"[15]
Sociāldemokrātiskā partija "Saskaņa"
SDPS
2 / 8
18 / 100
 Lithuania Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija
LSDP
2 / 11
12 / 141
 Luxembourg Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party
Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei
Parti ouvrier socialiste luxembourgeois
Luxemburger Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei
LSAP
1 / 6
10 / 60
 Malta Labour Party
Partit Laburista
PL
4 / 6
38 / 69
 Netherlands Labour Party
Partij van de Arbeid
PvdA
6 / 29
6 / 75
9 / 150
 Norway Labour Party
Arbeiderpartiet
AP Not in EU
48 / 169
 Poland New Left
Nowa Lewica
NL
4 / 52
0 / 100
38 / 460
Labour Union
Unia Pracy
UP
0 / 52
0 / 100
0 / 460
 Portugal Socialist Party
Partido Socialista
PS
9 / 21
120 / 230
 Romania Social Democratic Party
Partidul Social Democrat
PSD
8 / 33
47 / 136
109 / 330
 Slovakia Direction – Social Democracy
Smer – sociálna demokracia
Smer-SD
3 / 14
27 / 150
 Slovenia Social Democrats
Socialni demokrati
SD
2 / 8
7 / 90
 Spain Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Partido Socialista Obrero Español
PSOE
21 / 58
113 / 265
120 / 350
 Sweden Swedish Social Democratic Party
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti
SAP
5 / 21
107 / 349
 United Kingdom Labour Party Lab (GB) Not in EU
168 / 794
199 / 632
Social Democratic and Labour Party
Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre
SDLP (NI) Not in EU
0 / 794
2 / 18
Associated parties
StateNameabbr.European MPsNational MPs
 AlbaniaSocialist Party of Albania
Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë
PSS
74 / 140
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaSocial Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine
SDP
1 / 15
5 / 42
 BulgariaParty of Bulgarian Social Democrats
партия Български социалдемократи
Partiya Bulgarski Sotsialdemokrati
PBS
0 / 17
1 / 240
 IcelandSocial Democratic Alliance
Samfylkingin
Samf.
7 / 63
 MoldovaDemocratic Party of Moldova
Partidul Democrat din Moldova
PDM
0 / 101
 MontenegroDemocratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
Demokratska partija socijalista Crne Gore
DPS
29 / 81
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro
Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore
SDP
2 / 81
 North MacedoniaSocial Democratic Union of Macedonia
Социјалдемократски сојуз на Македонија
Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija
SDSM
49 / 120
 SerbiaDemocratic Party
Демократска странка
Demokratska stranka
DS
10 / 250
  SwitzerlandSocial Democratic Party of Switzerland
Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz
Parti socialiste suisse
Partito Socialista Svizzero
Partida Socialdemocrata de la Svizra
SP/PS
39 / 200
9 / 46
 TurkeyRepublican People's Party
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi
CHP
135 / 600
Peoples' Democratic Party
Halkların Demokratik Partisi
Partiya Demokratîk a Gelan
HDP
56 / 600
Observer parties
StateNameabbr.European MPsNational MPs
 AndorraSocial Democratic Party
Partit Socialdemòcrata
PS
3 / 28
 ArmeniaArmenian Revolutionary Federation
Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն
Hay Yeghap’vokhakan Dashnakts’ut’iwn
ARF
10 / 107
 EgyptEgyptian Social Democratic Party
الحزب المصرى الديمقراطى الاجتماعى
al-Ḥizb al-Maṣrī al-Dimuqrāṭī al-Ijtmāʿī
ESDP
4 / 596
 GeorgiaGeorgian Dream
ქართული ოცნება – დემოკრატიული საქართველო
Kartuli ocneba – Demok’rat’iuli Sakartvelo
84 / 150
 IsraelIsraeli Labor Party
מִפְלֶגֶת הָעֲבוֹדָה הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית
Mifleget HaAvoda HaIsraelit
אמת
7 / 120
Meretz
מֶרֶצ
Meretz
מרצ
6 / 120
 LatviaLatvian Social Democratic Workers' Party
Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā strādnieku partija
LSDSP
0 / 8
0 / 100
 MoroccoSocialist Union of Popular Forces
الاتحاد الاشتراكي للقوات الشعبية
Al-Ittihad Al-Ishtirakiy Lilqawat Al-Sha'abiyah
Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires
USFP
24 / 270
20 / 395
 Northern CyprusRepublican Turkish Party
Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi
CTP
12 / 50
 PalestineFatah
فتح
Fatḥ
فتح
45 / 132
 San MarinoParty of Socialists and Democrats
Partito dei Socialisti e dei Democratici
PSD
3 / 60
 TunisiaDemocratic Forum for Labour and Liberties
التكتل الديمقراطي من أجل العمل والحريات
at-Takattul ad-Dīmuqrāṭī min ajl il-‘Amal wal-Ḥurriyyāt
Forum démocratique pour le travail et les libertés
FDTL
0 / 217
  1. French-speaking seats
  2. Flemish seats

Constituent organisations

The youth organisation of the PES is the Young European Socialists. PES Women is the party's women's organisation, led by Zita Gurmai. The LGBTI campaign organisation is Rainbow Rose.[16]

International memberships

PES is an associated organisation of Socialist International and the Progressive Alliance.

President and Presidency

The President (currently former Prime Minister of Bulgaria Sergey Stanishev) represents the party on a daily basis and chairs the Presidency, which also consists of the Secretary General, President of the S&D group in Parliament and one representative per full/associate member party and organisation. They may also be joined by the President of the European Parliament (if a PES member), a PES European Commissioner and a representative from associate parties and organisations.[16]

The list below shows PES presidents and the presidents of its predecessors.[17]

President State National party Term Photo
1. Wilhelm Dröscher  West Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany April 1974 January 1979
2. Robert Pontillon  France Socialist Party January 1979 March 1980
3. Joop den Uyl  Netherlands Labour Party March 1980 May 1987
4. Vítor Constâncio  Portugal Socialist Party May 1987 January 1989
5. Guy Spitaels  Belgium Socialist Party February 1989 May 1992
6. Willy Claes  Belgium Socialist Party November 1992 October 1994
7. Rudolf Scharping  Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany March 1995 May 2001
8. Robin Cook  United Kingdom Labour Party May 2001 24 April 2004
9. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen  Denmark Social Democrats 24 April 2004 24 November 2011
10. Sergey Stanishev  Bulgaria Bulgarian Socialist Party 24 November 2011 14 October 2022
11. Stefan Löfven  Sweden Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party 14 October 2022 -

Governance

The parties meet at the party Congress twice every five years to decide on political orientation, such as adopting manifestos ahead of elections. Every year that the Congress does not meet, the Council (a smaller version of the Congress) shapes PES policy. The Congress also elects the party's President, Vice-Presidents and the Presidency.[16]

The Leader's Conference brings together Prime Ministers and Party Leaders from PES parties three to four times a year to agree strategies and resolutions.[16]

European election primaries

In December 2009, the PES decided to put forward a candidate for Commission President at all subsequent elections.[18] On 1 March 2014, the PES organised for the first time a European election Congress where a Common Manifesto[19] was adopted and the Common Candidate designate for the post of Commission President, Martin Schulz, was elected by over a thousand participants in Rome, Italy. In 2019, progressives elected Frans Timmermans as PES Common Candidate to the European Elections, during the Election Congress in Madrid on 22–23 February 2019.

PES in the European institutions

Overview of the European institutions

OrganisationInstitutionNumber of seats
 European UnionEuropean Parliament
148 / 751
Committee of the Regions
131 / 350
European Commission
9 / 27
European Council
(Heads of Government)
7 / 27
Council of the European Union
(Participation in Government)
13 / 27
 Council of EuropeParliamentary Assembly
69 / 318

European Commission

European Commissioners are meant to remain independent, however there has been an increasing degree of politicisation within the Commission.[20] In the current European Commission, nine of the Commissioners belong to the PES family.

Portfolio Commissioner State Political party Photo
First Vice President and Executive Vice President;

European Green Deal

Frans Timmermans

Netherlands
PvdA
High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell PSOE
Vice-President;
Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight
Maroš Šefčovič

Slovakia
Smer-SD
Jobs and Social Rights Nicolas Schmit

Luxembourg
LSAP


Economy Paolo Gentiloni

Italy
PD
Cohesion and Reforms Elisa Ferreira

Portugal
PS
Equality Helena Dalli

Malta
PL
Home Affairs Ylva Johansson

Sweden
S
International Partnerships Jutta Urpilainen

Finland
SDP

European Council

Of the 27 heads of state and government that are members of the European Council, 7 are from the PES, and therefore regularly attend PES summits to prepare for European Council meetings.

Member State Representative Title Political party Member of the Council since Photo
 Portugal António Costa Prime Minister Socialist Party 26 November 2015
 Spain Pedro Sánchez Prime Minister Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 2 June 2018
 Denmark Mette Frederiksen Prime Minister Social Democrats 27 June 2019
 Finland Sanna Marin Prime Minister Social Democratic Party of Finland 10 December 2019
 Malta Robert Abela Prime Minister Labour Party 13 January 2020
 Sweden Magdalena Andersson Prime Minister Social Democratic Party 30 November 2021
 Germany Olaf Scholz Chancellor Social Democratic Party of Germany 8 December 2021

In third countries

Through its associate and observer parties the PES has eight head of state or government in non-EU countries:

State Representatives Title Political party In power since Portrait
 Norway Jonas Gahr Støre Prime Minister A/Ap 14 October 2021
 Albania Edi Rama Prime Minister PS 13 September 2013
 Montenegro Milo Đukanović President DPS 20 May 2018
 North Macedonia Stevo Pendarovski President SDSM 12 May 2019
 North Macedonia Dimitar Kovačevski Prime Minister SDSM 16 January 2022
  Switzerland Simonetta Sommaruga Councillor SP 1 November 2010
  Switzerland Alain Berset Councillor SP 1 January 2012
 Georgia Irakli Garibashvili Prime Minister Georgian Dream 22 February 2021

European Council and Council of Ministers

Party-alignment at the European Council is often loose, but has been the basis of some intergovernmental cooperation. At present seven countries are led by a PES-affiliated leader, who represents that state at the European Council: Germany (Olaf Scholz), Spain (Pedro Sánchez), Portugal (António Costa), Malta (Robert Abela), Denmark (Mette Frederiksen), Finland (Sanna Marin) and Sweden (Stefan Löfven).

The makeup of national delegations to the Council of Ministers is at some times subject to coalitions: for the above governments led by a PES party, that party may not be present in all Council configurations; in other governments led by non-PES parties a PES minister may be its representative for certain portfolios. PES is in coalition in the following countries: Italy, Luxembourg and Romania.

Overview

State Governing parties Affiliated EU party Population
 Germany Social Democratic Party
Alliance 90/The Greens
Free Democratic Party
PES
EGP
ALDE
83,166,711
 Italy Five Star Movement
League
Democratic Party
Forza Italia
Italia Viva
Free and Equal
None
IDP
PES
EPP
EDP
None
60,317,116
 Spain Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Podemos
United Left
Catalonia in Common
PES
NTP!
PEL
None
47,431,256
 Romania Social Democratic Party
National Liberal Party
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
PES
EPP
EPP
19,186,201
 Portugal Socialist Party PES 10,341,330
 Sweden Swedish Social Democratic Party
Green Party
PES
EGP
10,343,403
 Denmark Social Democrats PES 5,824,857
 Finland Social Democratic Party of Finland
Centre Party
Green League
Left Alliance
Swedish People's Party of Finland
PES
ALDE
EGP
PEL
ALDE
5,528,737
 Luxembourg Democratic Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party
The Greens
ALDE
PES
EGP
626,108
 Malta Labour Party PES 514,564

Committee of the Regions

PES has 122 members in the Committee of the Regions as of 2014.[21]

References

  1. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  2. Richard Dunphy (2004). Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration. Manchester University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7190-6804-1.
  3. John Pinder, Simon Usherwood (2013). The European Union: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-1915-03931.
  4. "Member parties of the Progressive Alliance". 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  5. "Member parties of Socialist International". 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  6. Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making Before and After Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  7. "Member parties of the PES". 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  8. "Il PSE "omaggia "il PD cambiando ufficialmente nome: PSE – Socialists&Democrats" (in Italian). 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  9. "Northern European Social Democracy and European Integration, 1960–1972. Moving towards a New Consensus?". Consensus and European Integration- Consensus et Intégration Européenne. Academia.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  10. "History". Socialist Group website. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
  11. Skrzypek, Ania (2013). "Europe, Our Common Future" Celebrating 20 years of the Party of European Socialists (PDF). Belgium: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. ISBN 978-3-85464-037-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  12. "Together for the Europe we need!". Zita Gurmai, President of PES Women. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  13. "Ethics in politics : For strong moral conduct through a strong moral code" (PDF). PES Presidency declaration. 14 April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  14. "About the PES?". PES website. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  15. "Saskaņa joins Party of European Socialists". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. LETA. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  16. "How does PES work?". PES website. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
  17. "Former PES Presidents". PES website. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  18. "A New Direction for Progressive Societies. Resolution N. 2 A new way forward. Adopted by the 8th PES Congress" (PDF). PES. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  19. "PES Manifesto Towards a New Europe. Adopted by Election Congress 2014 in Rome" (PDF). PES. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  20. Mahony, Honor (7 May 2007). "Brussels struggles with communication policy". EU Observer. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  21. "PES Group Members". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

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