Sorbian languages
The Sorbian languages (Upper Sorbian: serbska rěč, Lower Sorbian: serbska rěc) are the Upper Sorbian language and Lower Sorbian language, two closely related and partially mutually intelligible languages spoken by the Sorbs, a West Slavic minority in the Lusatia region of eastern Germany. They are classified under the West Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages and are therefore closely related to the other two West Slavic subgroups: Lechitic and Czech–Slovak.[1] Historically, the languages have also been known as Wendish (named after the Wends, the earliest Slavic people in modern Poland and Germany) or Lusatian. Their collective ISO 639-2 code is wen.
| Sorbian | |
|---|---|
| serbšćina, serbsce (Upper Sorbian) serbšćina, serbski (Lower Sorbian) | |
| Ethnicity | Sorbs |
| Geographic distribution | Lusatia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
| Subdivisions |
|
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | wen |
| Glottolog | sorb1249 |
 | |
The two Sorbian languages, each having its own literary standard, are Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce), spoken by about 20,000–25,000[2] people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbski), spoken by about 7,000 people in Brandenburg. The area where the two languages are spoken is known as Lusatia (Łužica in Upper Sorbian, Łužyca in Lower Sorbian, or Lausitz in German).
History
After the settlement of the formerly Germanic territories (the part largely corresponding to the former East Germany) by the Sorbs' Slavic ancestors in the fifth and sixth centuries, the Sorbian language (or its predecessors) had been in use in much of what was the southern half of East Germany for several centuries, and still had its stronghold in (Upper and Lower) Lusatia, where it enjoys national protection and fostering to the present day. Outside Lusatia, it has been superseded by German. From the 13th century on, the language suffered official discrimination.[1] Bible translations into Sorbian provided the foundations for its writing system.
The exact origin of the language is uncertain. While some linguists consider it to be a transitory language between Lechitic and other non-Lechitic languages of West Slavic languages, others like Heinz Schuster-Šewc consider it a separate dialectical group of Proto-Slavic which is a mixture of Proto-Lechitic and South Slavic languages. Furthermore, while some consider it a single language which later diverged to two major dialects, others consider these dialects two separate languages. There exist significant differences in phonology, morphology, and lexicon between them. Several characteristics in Upper Sorbian language indicate a close proximity to Czech language which again are absent in Lower Sorbian language. According to some researchers the archaeological data cannot confirm the thesis about a single linguistic group yet supports the claim about two separated ethno-cultural groups with different ancestry whose respective territories correspond to Tornow-type ceramics (Lower Sorbian language) and Leipzig-type ceramics (Upper Sorbian language),[3] both derivations of Prague culture.[4]
Geographic distribution
In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages.[5] In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are recognized as second official languages next to German.[6]
The city of Bautzen in Upper Lusatia is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/Budyšin". To the north, the city of Cottbus/Chóśebuz is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian; there, too, bilingual signs are found.
Sorbian was also spoken in the small Sorbian ("Wendish") settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas, however no speakers remain there. Until 1949, newspapers were published in Sorbian. The local dialect was heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.
The German terms "Wends" (Wenden) and "Wendish" (wendisch/Wendisch) once denoted "Slav(ic)" generally; they are today mostly replaced by "Sorbs" (Sorben) and "Sorbian" (sorbisch/Sorbisch) with reference to Sorbian communities in Germany.
Endangered status
The use of Sorbian languages has been contracting for a number of years. The loss of Sorbian language use in emigrant communities, such as in Serbin, Texas, has not been surprising. But within the Sorbian homelands, there has also been a decrease in Sorbian identity and language use. In 2008, Sorbians protested three kinds of pressures against Sorbians: "(1.) the destruction of Sorbian and German-Sorbian villages as a result of lignite mining; (2.) the cuts in the network of Sorbian schools in Saxony; (3.) the reduction of financial resources for the Sorbian institutions by central government."[7]
A study of Upper Sorbian found a number of trends that go against language vitality. There are policies that have led to "unstable diglossia". There has been a loss of language domains in which speakers have the option to use either language, and there is a disruption of the patterns by which the Sorbian language has traditionally been transmitted to the next generation. Also, there is no strong written tradition and there is not a broadly accepted formal standardized form of the language(s). There is a perception of the loss of language rights, and there are negative attitudes towards the languages and their speakers.[8]
Linguistic features
Both Upper and Lower Sorbian have the dual for nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs; very few living Indo-European languages retain this as a productive feature of the grammar. For example, the word ruka is used for one hand, ruce for two hands, and ruki for more than two hands. As with most Slavic languages, Sorbian uses no articles.
Grammar
The Sorbian languages are declined in six or seven cases:
- Nominative
- Accusative
- Genitive
- Dative
- Locative
- Instrumental
- Vocative (Upper Sorbian only)
| Case | nan father |
štom tree |
bom tree |
wokno window | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper Sorb. | Lower Sorb. | Upper Sorb. | Lower Sorb. | Upper Sorb. | Lower Sorb. | |
| Nom. | nan | nan | štom | bom | wokno | wokno |
| Acc. | nana | nana | ||||
| Gen. | štoma | boma | wokna | wokna | ||
| Dat. | nanej | nanoju | štomej | bomoju | woknu | woknoju, woknu |
| Loc. | wo nanje | wó nanje | na štomje | na bomje | na woknje | na woknje |
| Instr. | z nanom | z nanom | ze štomom | z bomom | z woknom | z woknom |
| Voc. | nano | — | štomo | — | — | — |
| Case | ramjo shoulder |
ramje shoulder, armpit |
žona woman |
žeńska woman, wife |
ruka hand | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper Sorb. | Lower Sorb. | Upper Sorb. | Lower Sorb. | Upper Sorb. | Lower Sorb. | |
| Nom. | ramjo | ramje | žona | žeńska | ruka | |
| Acc. | žonu | žeńsku | ruku | |||
| Gen. | ramjenja | ramjenja | žony | žeńskeje | ruki | |
| Dat. | ramjenju | ramjenjeju, ramjenju | žonje | žeńskej | ruce | |
| Loc. | wo ramjenju | wó ramjenju | wo žonje | wó žeńskej | w ruce | |
| Instr. | z ramjenjom | z ramjenim | ze žonu | ze žeńskeju | z ruku | |
Vocabulary comparison
The following is selected vocabulary from the two Sorbian languages compared with other Slavic languages.
| English | Lower Sorbian | Upper Sorbian | Serbo-Croatian | Macedonian | Bulgarian | Slovene | Czech | Polish | Polabian | Kashubian | Silesian | Slovak | Russian | Ukrainian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | clowek/luź | čłowjek | човек / човјек (čovek / čovjek) |
човек (čovek) | човек (čovek) |
človek | člověk | człowiek | clawak | człowiek | czowiek | človek | человек (čelovek) |
людина (l'udyna) |
| evening | wjacor | wječor | вече / вечер (veče / večer) |
вечер (večer) | вечер (večer) |
večer | večer | wieczór | vicer | wieczór | wieczōr | večer | вечер (večer) |
вечір (večir) |
| brother | bratš | bratr | брат (brat) |
брат (brat) | брат (brat) |
brat | bratr | brat | brot | brat | brat | brat | брат (brat) |
брат (brat) |
| day | źeń | dźeń | дан (dan) |
ден (den) | ден (den) |
dan | den | dzień | dôn | dzéń | dziyń | deň | день (den') |
день (den') |
| hand | ruka | ruka | рука (ruka) |
рака (raka) | ръка (rəka) |
roka | ruka | ręka | ręka | rãka | rynka | ruka | рука (ruka) |
рука (ruka) |
| snow | sněg | sněh | снег / снијег (sneg / snijeg) |
снег (sneg) | сняг (snjag) |
sneg | sníh | śnieg | sneg | sniég | śniyg | sneh | снег (sneg) |
сніг (snih) |
| summer | lěśe | lěćo | лето / љето (leto / ljeto) |
лето (leto) | лято / лето (ljato / ljeto) |
poletje | léto | lato | ljutü | lato | lato | leto | лето (leto) |
літо (lito) |
| sister | sotša | sotra | сестра (sestra) |
сестра (sestra) | сестра (sestra) |
sestra | sestra | siostra | sestra | sostra | szwestra | sestra | сестра (sestra) |
сестра (sestra) |
| fish | ryba | ryba | риба (riba) |
риба (riba) | риба (riba) |
riba | ryba | ryba | raibo | rëba | ryba | ryba | рыба (ryba) |
риба (ryba) |
| fire | wogeń | woheń | огањ (oganj) |
оган (ogan) | огън (ogən) |
ogenj | oheň | ogień | widin | òdżin | ôgyń | oheň | огонь (ogon') |
вогонь (vohon') |
| water | wóda | woda | вода (voda) |
вода (voda) | вода (voda) |
voda | voda | woda | wôda | wòda | woda | voda | вода (voda) |
вода (voda) |
| wind | wětš | wětr | ветар / вјетар (vetar / vjetar) |
ветер (veter) | вятър / ветер (vjatər / veter) |
veter | vítr | wiatr | wjôter | wiater | wiater | vietor | ветер (veter) |
вітер (viter) |
| winter | zyma | zyma | зима (zima) |
зима (zima) | зима (zima) |
zima | zima | zima | zaima | zëma | zima | zima | зима (zima) |
зима (zyma) |
See also
- Sorbian alphabet
- List of Sorbian-language writers
- Low Lusatian German
- White Serbia
References
- About Sorbian Language, by Helmut Faska, University of Leipzig
- "Seltenes Studienfach: Entschuldigung, sprechen Sie Sorbisch?" - https://www.zeit.de/zett/2016-01/leipziger-institut-wehrt-sich-gegen-das-aussterben-von-sprachen
- Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 191–205. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1.
- Paul M. Barford (2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65, 77–78, 104–105. ISBN 9780801439773
- "Full list". Treaty Office. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
- Sparrow, Thomas. "Sorbs: The ethnic minority inside Germany". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- p. 154. Mieczkowska, Małgorzata. "Protestdemonstrationen der Sorben–eine Form der politischen Kommunikation." LĚTOPIS. Zeitschrift für sorbische Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur. Časopis za rěč, stawizny a kulturu Łužiskich 2 (2009): 16-28.
- De Meulder, Maartje, Eduard Werner, and Danny De Weerdt. "Comparing Minority Languages-a Case Study of Flemish Sign Language and Upper Sorbian." Europäisches Journal für Minderheitenfragen 10, no. 3-4 (2017): 285-321.
External links
- Online course for Upper and Lower Sorbian (English, Sorbian, German)
- Euromosaic information page
- Kurs serskeje rěce / Bluń, introductory texts of the lessons included in the Sorbian language textbook Curs practic de limba sorabă (in Romanian)
- website for Lětopis, journal devoted to Sorbian topics