Tsukiji fish market

Tsukiji Market (築地市場, Tsukiji shijō) is a major tourist attraction for both domestic and overseas visitors in Tokyo.[1] The area contains retail markets, restaurants, and associated restaurant supply stores. Before 2018, it was the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world.[2] The market opened on 11 February 1935 as a replacement for an older market that was destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. It was closed on 6 October 2018, with wholesale operations moving to the new Toyosu Market.[3][4][5][6][7]

Tsukiji as seen from Shiodome, 2018

Located in Tsukiji in central Tokyo between the Sumida River and the upmarket Ginza shopping district, the inner wholesale market was only open to the trade and did not allow access to visitors.[8][9]

The market is supervised by the Tokyo Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market (東京都中央卸売市場, Tōkyō-to Chūō Oroshiuri Shijō) of the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs.

Location
On the streets of Tsukiji as a tourist
Cutting frozen tuna with a band saw

The market is located near the Tsukijishijō Station on the Toei Ōedo Line and Tsukiji Station on the Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line.[10] There were two distinct sections of the market as a whole, but after the transfer to Toyosu, only the outer market remains. The inner market (jōnai-shijō) was the licensed wholesale market, where approximately 900 licensed wholesale dealers operated small stalls and where the auctions and most of the processing of the fish took place. The outer market (jōgai-shijō) is a mixture of wholesale and retail shops that sell Japanese kitchen tools, restaurant supplies, groceries, and seafood, and many restaurants, especially sushi restaurants.[11] Most of the shops in the outer market closed by the early afternoon. In the inner market visitors were only allowed in by 10.00 am (11.00 pm by the time the market was moved), by which time the activity in the market had reduced significantly or almost ceased. A small number of visitors however were allowed into the inner market in the early morning to see the tuna auction.[12][13]

History
An oroshi hocho in use at the Tsukiji

Origin

The land on which the fish market sat was created during the Edo period by the Tokugawa shogunate after the Great fire of Meireki of 1657. It was created through land reclamation on the Tokyo Bay, and the area was therefore named Tsukiji (築地), meaning "constructed land" or "reclaimed land". The fish market however was not sited here until the 20th century.[14]

The first fish market in Tokyo was originally located in the Nihonbashi district, next to the Nihonbashi bridge that gave the area its name.[15] The area was one of the earliest places to be settled when Edo (as Tokyo was known until the 1870s) was made the capital by Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the market provided food for the Edo castle built on a nearby hill. Tokugawa Ieyasu took a number of fishermen from Tsukuda, Osaka to Edo to provide fish for the castle in 1590.[16] Fish not bought by the castle was then sold near the Nihonbashi bridge, at a market called uogashi (literally, "fish quay").[17]

In August 1918, following the so-called Rice Riots (Kome Sōdō), which broke out in over 100 cities and towns in protest against food shortages and the speculative practices of wholesalers, the Japanese government was forced to create new institutions for the distribution of foodstuffs, especially in urban areas. A Central Wholesale Market Law was established in March 1923.[18]

The Great Kantō earthquake on 1 September 1923 devastated much of central Tokyo, including the Nihonbashi fish market. The Tokyo government, which already had plans to relocate the market due to its unsanitary conditions considered unsuitable for an area that had developed into a business center, then took the opportunity to move the market to the Tsukiji district.[19]

Construction and opening
Tsukiji Fish Market

Following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake architects and engineers from the Architectural Section of Tokyo Municipal Government were sent to Europe and America to do research for the new market. However, because of the sheer size of the market and the number of items traded they were forced to come up with their own unique design. The quarter circular shape allowed easier access and handling for freight trains and the steel structure above allowed a wide, continuous space free from columns and subdivisions.[20] The relocation of the market would be one of the biggest reconstruction projects in Tokyo after the earthquake, taking over six years involving 419,500 workers.[19]

Tsukiji was officially opened on February 11, 1935.[19] On the same day, Tōkyō-Shijō station (東京市場駅) was opened with tracks designed around the market area.[21] In this year, the big three markets (Tsukiji, Kanda and Koto) began operations as Tokyo Metropolitan Government's system of Central Wholesale Markets. And then, smaller branch markets (Ebara fruit and vegetables market, Toshima market, Adachi market and Meat market) were opened one by one in succession.[22]

Relocation to Toyosu Market

After World War II, Tsukiji's transaction increased in volume, and its facilities became narrow and old fashioned. Relocation plans had been considered since late 1950s. The candidate place was Ohi, current Ohta market. However the plan could not get consensus among stakeholders. There was another plan in late 1980s to construct provisional market utilizing the vast site of Shiodome Freight Terminal, and rebuild advanced market facilities in Tsukiji area during that period. However the negotiation with Japanese National Railways was not unsuccessful.[23]

in 1998, six industry groups participating to Tsukiji market submitted a request in their joint signature to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to conduct study and hold discussing opportunity about relocating market functions to Tokyo Waterfront Area, four of them ware for the relocation and the remaining two were against. Throughout 1999, related municipal or urban engineering studies were conducted and discussing committees were held. In 2000, six industry groups and Tokyo Metropolitan Government reached an agreement to relocate.[24]

The Tsukiji fish market occupies valuable real estate close to the center of the city. Former Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara repeatedly called for moving the market to Toyosu, Koto.[25] The long-anticipated move to the new Toyosu Market (豊洲市場) was scheduled to take place in November 2016, in preparation for the 2020 Summer Olympics,[26] but on August 31, 2016, the move was postponed.[27] There had been concerns that new location was heavily polluted and needed to be cleaned up.[28][29] There are plans to retain a retail market, roughly a quarter of the current operation, in Tsukiji.[30] The remaining area of the market will be redeveloped.[31]

In June 2017, plans to move the fish market were restarted.[32] but delayed in July to the autumn of 2018.[33] On 3 August 2017, a fire broke out in some of the outer buildings.[34]

After the new site had been declared safe following a cleanup operation, the opening date of the new market was set for 11 October 2018.[35] Tsukiji market closed on 6 October 2018, with the businesses of the inner market relocated to the new Toyosu Market between 6 and 11 October.[36] Even though Tsukiji inner market has moved to Toyosu, the outer market remains, selling food and other goods.[37] The former market was used temporarily as a hub for transport vehicles during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. It will be developed into a complex with a convention center, hotels, and other facilities by the 2040s.[38]

Economics

The market handled more than 480 different kinds of seafood as well as 270 types of other produce, ranging from cheap seaweed to the most expensive caviar, and from tiny sardines to 300 kg tuna and controversial whale species.[39][40] Overall, more than 700,000 metric tons of seafood are handled every year at the three seafood markets in Tokyo, with a total value in excess of 600 billion yen (approximately 5.4 billion US dollars in August 2018). At Tsukiji, around 1,628 tons of seafood worth 1.6 billion yen ($US14 million) may be sold on a typical day.[40] There were around 900 licensed dealers at the market, and the number of registered employees varied from 60,000 to 65,000, including wholesalers, accountants, auctioneers, company officials, and distributors.[41]

Operations

The market opened most mornings (except Sundays, holidays and some Wednesdays) at 3:00 a.m. with the arrival of the products by ship, truck and plane from all over the world. Particularly impressive was the unloading of tons of frozen tuna. The auction houses (wholesalers known in Japanese as oroshi gyōsha) then estimate the value and prepare the incoming products for the auctions. The buyers (licensed to participate in the auctions) also inspected the fish to discern which they would like to bid for and at what price.

The auctions started around 5:20 a.m. Bids can only be made by licensed participants. These bidders include intermediate wholesalers (nakaoroshi gyōsha) who operated stalls in the marketplace and other licensed buyers who were agents for restaurants, food processing companies, and large retailers.

The auctions usually ended around 10:00 a.m. Afterward, the purchased fish was either loaded onto trucks to be shipped to the next destination or on small carts and moved to the many shops inside the market. There the shop owners cut and prepare the products for retail. In case of large fish, for example tuna and swordfish, cutting and preparation was elaborate. Frozen tuna and swordfish were often cut with large band saws, and fresh tuna is carved with extremely long knives (some well over a meter in length) called oroshi-hōchō, maguro-bōchō, or hanchō-hōchō.

  • Vendors display the morning's catch at the market at 4:00 a.m.
  • End of the fresh tuna auction at Tsukiji
  • A tray of six Takifugu rubripes on ice for sale at Tsukiji
  • Tuna auction at Tsukiji
  • Fishermen cutting fish at Tsukiji
  • Fishermen cutting tuna at Tsukiji

The market was the busiest between 6:30 and 9:00 a.m., and the activity declined significantly afterward. Many shops started to close around 11:00 a.m., and the market closed for cleaning around 1:00 p.m. Tourists visited the market daily between 5 a.m. and 6:15 a.m. and watched the proceedings from a designated area,[42] except during periods when it was closed to the public.

Because of an increase in sightseers and the associated problems they cause, the market banned all tourists from the tuna auctions on several occasions, including from 15 December 2008 to 17 January 2009,[43] 10 December 2009 to 23 January 2010,[44] and 8 April 2010 to 10 May 2010.[45] After the latest ban that ended in May 2010, the tuna auctions were re-opened to the public with a maximum limit of 120 visitors per day on a first-come, first-served basis.[46][47] Visitor entry into the interior wholesale markets is prohibited until after 11:00 am.[48] Due to the March 2011 earthquakes all tourists were banned from viewing the tuna auctions till 26 July 2011, from which date it was reopened.[49]

Inspectors from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government supervised activities in the market to enforce the Food Hygiene Law.

  • The 2005 PlayStation 2 video game Gran Turismo 4 featured the fish market as one of the Photo Mode locations in the game.
  • The Tsukiji fish market was featured in 2008 on the American reality show I Survived a Japanese Game Show. In the episode, the winning team (the Yellow Penguins) received a reward in the form of a VIP tour of the fish market.
  • In the 2008 episode of Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern, Tsukiji Market is featured focusing primarily on the Tuna Auction, and the various local eateries within the market.
  • In the 2011 documentary film Jiro Dreams of Sushi, the market is featured and discussed as it relates to Jiro Ono's life profession as a world-renowned sushi chef.[50]
  • The market is featured in the music video for the 2014 single "Rather Be" by the British band Clean Bandit.
  • The Japanese culture and lifestyle television show Begin Japanology aired on NHK World featured a full episode on Tsukiji fish market in 2008.
  • The travel show Globe Trekker featured the Tsukiji market during host Ian Wright's trip to Tokyo. It showed a fish auction, then a short tour through its surroundings and finished with Wright eating sushi in a nearby sushi parlor.
  • The Japanese documentary The Battle Cats Trails to Tsukiji airing on NHK World focuses on food found in the Tsukiji fish market.[51]
  • The webcomic SAKANA by Madeline "Mad" Rupert is set primarily in the Tsukiji fish market and follows the lives of the workers in the retail sector.
  • The enemy Calamary from[52] The Battle Cats references the Tsukiji fish market in her description.
  • The 2016 documentary film Tsukiji Wonderland featured the titular wet market for the entirety of the movie.[53]
  • The 2020 action comedy film Enter the Fat Dragon featured the Tsukiji fish market as a gathering place for the mafia.[54]

See also
  • Toyosu Market

Notes
  1. "Tsukiji Outer Market". Japan Guide.
  2. Bestor, Theodore C. (2004). "Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World". Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22024-2. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. Tomoko Kamata (9 October 2018). "Tsukiji Market Ends 83-year History". NHK. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  4. Fumito Akiyama, Wataru Suzuki (6 October 2018). "Foodies bid farewell to Tokyo's famed Tsukiji fish market". The Nikkei. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  5. "Tsukiji: Japan's famed fish market to relocate". BBC. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  6. Katie Lockhart (1 October 2018). "A Famed Tokyo Fish Market Is Relocating". New York Times.
  7. Motoko Rich (6 October 2018). "As Tokyo Fish Market Closes, Sellers and Customers Honor an Era of Grime". New York Times.
  8. McCurry, Justin (5 December 2008). "Tokyo catch: Fish market bars tourists". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  9. Goldberg, Lina (24 February 2013). "10 of the world's best fresh markets". CNN Travel. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  10. "Best Routes Guide to Tsukiji Fish Market from Near Stations". Japan Travel Guide.
  11. "Jonai And Jogai: Find Your Way Around Tsukiji Fish Market Like A Pro". Japan Travel Magazine. 30 October 2015.
  12. "Guide to Visiting Tokyo's Tsukiji Market". Boutique Japan.
  13. "Tsukiji Fish Market". Truly Tokyo.
  14. "Welcome to Tsukiji". tsukiji.or.jp.
  15. "Tokyo 1890s - Nihonbashi Fishmarket". Old Photos of Japan.
  16. Rosa Caroli; Stefano Soriani, eds. (21 August 2017). Fragile and Resilient Cities on Water: Perspectives from Venice and Tokyo. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9781527500464.
  17. "Nihonbashi no Kashi". National Association of Japan-American Societies.
  18. "Role". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018.
  19. Reiji Yoshida (October 6, 2018). "Tokyo's famed Tsukiji fish market, opened in the wake of Kanto quake, reaches an end". Japan Times.
  20. 'Spring 2005, "Do_co,mo.mo Japan: the 100 selection", The Japan Architect, No57, p54
  21. 鉄道廃線跡を歩くVll [Walking along ruined railway trail (7)]. JTB Publishing. 1999. pp. 192–194.
  22. "Function and History / History of the Wholesale Market in Tokyo". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  23. "豊洲市場の移転整備 疑問解消BOOK" [Relocation and construction of Toyosu Market: Q&A Booklet] (pdf) (in Japanese). Tokyo Metropolitan Government / Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market. 2016. p. 8. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  24. "築地市場移転決定に至る経緯" [The process leading to the decision about the relocation of Tsukiji Market] (pdf) (in Japanese). Tokyo Metropolitan Government. 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  25. Fukada, Takahiro (2010-10-23). "Tsukiji to relocate to Toyosu: Ishihara". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  26. "Tsukiji fish market to get new home in late 2016 as Olympics beckon". Asahi Shimbun. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  27. "Smelling something fishy, Koike puts Tsukiji fish market relocation on ice". Japan Times. 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  28. "Moving Tokyo's Fish Market: Tsukiji In Trouble | Consumers Union of Japan". Nishoren.org. 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  29. Osumi, Magdalena Tsukiji workers demand answers over toxic soil at new site Feb 22, 2016 The Japan Times Retrieved February 23, 2016
  30. Takei, Hiroyuki (9 February 2012). "New fresh fish market planned when Tsukiji market moves". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  31. Ito, Masami, "Tsukiji countdown: clock ticking on famed fish market", Japan Times, 1 November 2015, p. 14
  32. Osumi, Magdalena; Aoki, Mizuho (20 June 2017). "Koike announces Tsukiji relocation, plans to retain its 'cultural legacy'". Japan Times. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  33. "Tsukiji market relocation to Toyosu delayed to autumn 2018". The Mainichi. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  34. "Japan's historic Tsukiji fish market catches fire". BBC. 4 August 2017.
  35. McCurry, Justin (26 August 2018). "Tokyo fears losing a part of its soul as world's biggest fish market moves". The Guardian.
  36. "Electric carts and forklifts begin moving from Tsukiji to Tokyo's new fish market at Toyosu". Japan Times. 7 October 2018.
  37. "Tsukiji: Japan's famed fish market to relocate". CNN. 8 Oct 2018.
  38. "Ceremony marks 1 year since opening of Tokyo's new fish market". Kyodo News. 11 October 2019.
  39. Heller, Peter (2006) "The Whale Warriors: Whaling in the Antarctic Seas" National Geographic Adventure
  40. Shoko Oda (5 October 2018). "End of an Era for Tokyo's Iconic Tsukiji Fish Market". Bloomberg.
  41. "Something fishy at dawn". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 January 2008.
  42. BBC NEWS: "Tokyo scales back fish tourists" (28 March 2008). Retrieved on 3 December 2008.
  43. "Too many foreigners forces ban on tourists to Tsukiji fish market," Mainichi Daily News, December 3, 2008. Retrieved on 3 December 2008.
  44. Nikkei Shimbun, November 24, 2009 (in Japanese).
  45. "Tsukiji to temporarily close tuna auction area to the public". Mainichi Daily News. 2010-04-07. Archived from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  46. "Tsukiji tuna auction site reopens to visitors". Mainichi Daily News. 2010-05-11. Archived from the original on May 12, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  47. "Tsukiji Today",Tsukiji Sushi Workshop. Retrieved 29 October 2014
  48. "Tsukiji Market News Update: May 25th, 2018: Opening Time Shifted to 11am". FoodiesGoLocal.com. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  49. "Tsukiji Outer Market". Tokyo Guide.
  50. Michael, Chris (11 January 2013). "Jiro: Dreams of Sushi: a film about fish, fine-dining and fatherhood".
  51. "Trails to Tsukiji: Amadai". NHK World Japan.
  52. "The Battle Cats - Wikipedia". en.m.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  53. "TSUKIJI WONDERLAND The Projector". The Projector. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  54. "Donnie Yen goes from Ip Man to fat man in Enter The Fat Dragon, which opens before Chinese New Year". sg.news.Yahoo.com. Retrieved 16 January 2021.

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