Anchusa

Anchusa officinalis (Typus)

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Boraginales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Lamiids Ordo: Boraginales

Familia: Boraginaceae
Subfamilia: Boraginoideae
Tribus: Boragineae
Subtribus: Boragininae
Genus: Anchusa
Species: A. aegyptiaca – A. affinis – A. atlantica – A. arvensis – A. azurea – A. calcarea – A. capellii – A. capensis – A. cespitosa – A. crispa – A. formosa – A. gmelinii – A. iranica – A. konyaensis – A. leptophylla – A. littorea – A. milleri – A. montelinasana – A. ochroleuca – A. officinalis – A. ovata – A. procera – A. pseudoochroleuca – A. puechii – A. pusilla – A. samothracica – A. sardoa – A. strigosa – A. stylosa – A. thessala – A. tiberiadis – A. undulata
Nothospecies: A. × digenea – A. × thirkeana
Names in possible synonymy: A. leucantha

Name

Anchusa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 133. (1753); Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 64 (1754).

Lectotype: Anchusa officinalis L., 1753 (designated by Hitchcock 1929: Prop. Brit. Bot.: 127)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
- Echioides Fabr., Enum. 1: 43. (1759).
- Lycopsis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 138. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 68 (1754).
  - Lectotype: Lycopsis arvensis L., 1753 (designated by Hitchcock 1929: Prop. Brit. Bot.: 128

Note: The later synonymy is not universally accepted – see Discussion Page.

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
- Regional: Northern Europe
  - Denmark, Finland, Føroyar, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
- Regional: Middle Europe
  - Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
- Regional: Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
- Regional: Southeastern Europe
  - Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
- Regional: Eastern Europe
  - Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Africa
- Regional: Northern Africa
  - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
- Regional: Macaronesia
  - Canary Islands, Madeira.
- Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa
  - Cameroon.
- Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Eritrea, Ethiopia.
- Regional: Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces, Lesotho, Namibia, Free State, Northern Provinces.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
- Regional: Siberia
  - Altay, West Siberia.
- Regional: Russian Far East
  - Amur, Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin.
- Regional: Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
- Regional: Caucasus
  - North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
- Regional: Western Asia
  - Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
- Regional: Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
- Regional: China
  - Hainan, Inner Mongolia, China North-Central, Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang.
- Regional: Mongolia
  - Mongolia.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
- Regional: Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Continental: Northern America
- Regional: Western Canada
  - Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.
- Regional: Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec.
- Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
- Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
  - Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
- Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island.
- Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California, Utah.
- Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
  - Texas.
- Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia.
Continental: Southern America
- Regional: Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast, Argentina South.
Note: Grey script indicates introduced occurrences.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2^nd Edition

References

Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 133. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 64. Reference page.

Additional references

Bigazzi, M., Nardi, E. & Selvi, F. 1997. Anchusella, a new genus of Boraginaceae from the Central-Eastern Mediterranean. Plant Systematics and Evolution 205(3–4): 241–264. DOI: 10.1007/BF01464408 Reference page.
Cohen, J.I. 2013 (Online) 2014 (Print). A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution. Cladistics 30(2): 139–169. DOI: 10.1111/cla.12036 Reference page.
Hilger, H.H., Selvi, F., Papini, A. & Bigazzi, M. 2004. Molecular systematics of Boraginaceae tribe Boragineae based on ITS1 and trnL sequences, with special reference to Anchusa s.l. Annals of Botany 94(2): 201–212. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch132 PDF Reference page. (excluding Lycopsis)
Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Kadereit, J.W., Albach, D.C., Ehrendorfer, F., Galbany Casals, M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Gehrke, B., Kadereit, G., Kilian, N., Klein, J.T., Koch, M.A., Kropf, M., Oberprieler, C., Pirie, M.D., Ritz, C.M., Röser, M., Spalik, K., Susanna, A., Weigend, M., Welk, E., Wesche, K., Zhang, L.-B. & Dillenberger, M.S. 2016. Which changes are needed to render all genera of the German flora monophyletic? Willdenowia 46(1): 39–91. DOI: 10.3372/wi.46.46105 PDF Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Anchusa. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 1. Reference page. circumscribes Anchusa s.s.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Anchusa in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 May 18. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2022. Anchusa. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 18 May 2022.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Anchusa. Published online. Accessed: 18 May 2022.
Hassler, M. 2022. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Anchusa. Accessed: 18 May 2022.
Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Anchusa in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2022 May 18.

Vernacular names

العربية: لسان الثور
azərbaycanca: Sümürgən
беларуская: Пакрывец
čeština: prlina, pilát
dansk: Oksetunge
Deutsch: Ochsenzungen
eesti: Imikas
suomi: Rastit
Nordfriisk: Oksentonger
français: Anchusa
עברית: לשון-פר
hornjoserbsce: Pócćiwka
հայերեն: Հորթալեզու
қазақша: Өгізтіл
lietuvių: Godas
Nederlands: Ossentong
polski: Farbownik
русский: Воловик
slovenčina: pŕhlica, smohla
svenska: Oxtungor
Türkçe: Sığırdili
中文: 牛舌草属

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