Synonyms

• Melanotheca cruenta (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jb. 6: 397 (1885)

• Melanotheca rubra (C. Knight) C. Knight, in Shirley, Lich. Fl. Queensland 4: 167 (1889)

• Pyrenula circumrubens (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 62: 463 (1910)

• Stromatothelium cruentum (Mont.) Trevis., Flora, Jena 44: 20 (1861)

• Trypethelium cruentum Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 8: 357 (1837)

• Trypethelium rubrum C. Knight, in Bailey, Proc. R. Soc. Qd. 1: 152 (1884)

• Verrucaria circumrubens Nyl., Bull. Soc. linn. Normandie, sér. 2 2: 128 (1868)

Primary references

• Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 7 (no. 2): 197 (1890)

• Wainio, E.A. 1890: Etude sur la classification et la morphologie des lichens du Brésil, I. - Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica\Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 7 : V-XXIX, 1-247.   **[Mattick Rec. # 30447] - (Recent Literature on Lichens - Mattick No.)** (PDF file) (Biodiversity Heritage Library)

Selected reference

• Brodo, I.M.; Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. 2001: Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages.   **[RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Vernacular name page 612.)

Links

• Pyrenula cruenta in United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database.

• North American Lichen Checklist

• Pyrenula cruenta in Index Fungorum.

• Pyrenula cruenta in MycoBank.

Links to photos

• Stephen Sharnoff's Lichen Photos -Pyrenula cruenta