خرما

From Persian خرما‎ (xormâ).

خرما • (hurmâ)

1. date (fruit)

• Turkish: hurma
  • → Adyghe: хъурмэ (χ°rmă)
• → Albanian: hurmë
• → Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá)
• → Crimean Tatar: hurma
• → Estonian: hurmaa
• → Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
• → Latvian: hurma
• → Polish: hurma
• → Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: хурма, урма

  Latin: hurma, urma

• → Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “date, persimmon”)
• → Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

From Middle Persian T^g / hwlmʾk' (xormā, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍‎ pl (tmryn, “dates”).

Compare Parthian hwlmʾk‎ (xurmāg) and T^g‎ (*amrāw), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian ʾmrʾw‎ (amrāw) and Old Armenian արմաւ (armaw) (see Korn).

• (Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): [xoɾˈmɒː]

خرما • (xormâ) (plural خرماها‎ (xormâ-hâ))

1. date (fruit)
   • 940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh

     ‏بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار
     بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خار‎

     bukun kār u karda ba-yazdān sipār
     ba-xurmā če yāzī ču tarsī zi xār

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

• خرمالو‎ (xormâlu, “persimmon”)

• Tajik: хурмо (xurmo)
  • → Uzbek: xurmo
• → Azerbaijani: xurma
• → Georgian: ხურმა (xurma)
• → Hindi: ख़ुरमा (xurmā)
• → Kazakh: құрма (qurma)
• → Kyrgyz: курма (kurma)
• → Malay: kurma
  • Indonesian: kurma
• → Middle Armenian: խուրմայ (xurmay)
  • Armenian: խուրմա (xurma)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خرما‎ (hurmâ) (11th–15th c.) (see there for further descendants)
• → Turkmen: hurma
• → Uzbek: xurmo

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), “xormā”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 94
• Henning. W. B. (1950), "A Pahlavi Poem", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 3., page 645
• Korn, Agnes (2013), “Final troubles: Armenian stem classes and the word-end in Late Old Persian”, in Toxtasʹjev S. R., Lurʹje P. B., editors, Commentationes Iranicae. Sbornik statej k 90-letiju Vladimira Aronoviča Livšica‎, Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istorija, →ISBN, page 81, note 39:

  HENNING (1950, p. 645) notes that the Pth. form is amrāw as seen in “Man. ʾmrʾw, against Arm. armav”, and thus reads amrāw for the Arameogram Tg in the Draxt ī Asūrīg while MACIUSZAK (2007, p. 65, 125, 184) reads (the NP form) xormā on account of <hwlmʾk> occuring ^[sic] some lines later in the text. ʾmrʾw is found in the unpublished fragment M 171 II R 10 (Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, pers. comm.). The relevant part of the fragment is partially broken off, though (see the photo at http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/images/m0171_seite2.jpg).

• «КОРБУРДИ ВОЖАҲОИ ПОРТӢ ДАР ЗАБОНИ ФОРСИИ МИЁНА», Номаи пажӯҳишгоҳ, №1, 2001, с. 10-19. «портӣ amrāw=xurmāg «хурмо» (<harmāw =armāw [Hubschmann 1895, 111; Периханян1973, 440]."»