Ἄρης
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- Ἄρευς (Áreus)
Etymology
Usually derived from the Ionic word ἀρή (arḗ, “bane, ruin”)[1], which could be related to Sanskrit इरस्या (irasyā, “malevolence”), suggesting a Proto-Indo-European origin.[2]
However, Morris Silver and Pierre Chantraine propose a derivation from ἄρος (áros, “use, profit, help”) instead.[3]
𐀀𐀩 (a-re), found in Linear B, is thought to be the oldest attested form of the name.[4]
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /á.rɛːs/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈa.res/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈa.ris/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈa.ris/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈa.ris/
The α (a) is usually short in Homer and tragedy, but sometimes long, e.g. Iliad 5.31, Iliad 2..767, Argonautica 3.1187; and Aeschylus and Sophocles regularly use long ᾱ (ā).
Proper noun
Ἄρης • (Árēs) m (genitive Ᾰ̓́ρεως); third declension
- (Greek mythology) Ares
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.29–33:
- […] ἀτὰρ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη
χειρὸς ἑλοῦσ᾽ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα θοῦρον Ἄρηα:
‘Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα
οὐκ ἂν δὴ Τρῶας μὲν ἐάσαιμεν καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς
μάρνασθ᾽, ὁπποτέροισι πατὴρ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὀρέξῃ- […] atàr glaukôpis Athḗnē
kheiròs heloûs᾽ epéessi prosēúda thoûron Árēa:
‘Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta
ouk àn dḕ Trôas mèn eásaimen kaì Akhaioùs
márnasth᾽, hoppotéroisi patḕr Zeùs kûdos oréxēi - {...} And flashing-eyed Athene
took furious Ares by the hand and spake to him, saying:
“Ares, Ares, thou bane of mortals, thou blood-stained stormer of walls,
shall we not now leave the Trojans and Achaeans
to fight, to whichsoever of the two it be that father Zeus shall vouchsafe glory?”
- […] atàr glaukôpis Athḗnē
- English translation by A.T. Murray @perseus
- […] ἀτὰρ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη
-
- Apollo speaks the same phrase: ‘Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα”
- Mars (planet)
- war, warlike spirit
- epithet of Zeus, "avenger"
Inflection
Declension of Ἄρευς, Ἄρευος (Aeolic, third declension)
Case / # | Singular |
---|---|
Nominative | Ἄρευς |
Genitive | Ἄρευος |
Dative | Ἄρευϊ |
Accusative | Ἄρευᾰ |
Vocative | Ἄρευ |
Derived terms
- Ἀρειθῠ́σᾰνος (Areithúsanos)
- Ἀρεϊκός (Areïkós)
- Ᾰ̓ρειμᾰνής (Areimanḗs)
- Ἀρειμᾰ́νῐος (Areimánios)
- Ἀρειμᾰνῐότης (Areimaniótēs)
- Ἄρειος (Áreios)
- Ἄρειος πᾰ́γος (Áreios págos)
- Ἀρείτολμος (Areítolmos)
- Ἀρείφᾰτος (Areíphatos)
- Ἄρεος (Áreos)
- Ᾰ̓ρηΐθοος (Arēḯthoos)
- Ᾱ̓ρηϊκτάμενος (Ārēïktámenos)
- Ἀρηΐφθορος (Arēḯphthoros)
- Ἀρηΐφῐλος (Arēḯphilos)
References
- “Ares” in Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001–2019.
- Ἄρης in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- 1992, Morris Silver, Taking ancient mythology economically, page 162; citing Pierre Chantraine's Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
Further reading
- Ἄρης in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- Ἄρης in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- Ἄρης in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- Ἄρης in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Ἄρης in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- Ἄρης in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2019)
- Ἄρης in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,002
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill
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