ἥρως

Ancient Greek

FWOTD – 2 December 2015

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Cognate with Latin servō and possibly Ἥρα (Hḗra).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hɛ̌ː.rɔːs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)e.ros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ros/

Noun

ἥρως • (hḗrōs) m (genitive ἥρωος); third declension

(Epic) a hero of the Trojan War: any of the major combatants of the Greek or Trojan forces
(Classical Ancient Greek) a hero or heroine of the ancient Greek religion: a human or demigod whose shrine was celebrated with chthonic rituals organized by local governments

Usage notes

Because the root of ἥρως ends with a vowel instead of a consonant, shortenings are common, such as ἥρως for the genitive singular and ἥρῳ for the dative singular.

Inflection

Third declension of ὁ ἥρως; τοῦ ἥρωος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ἥρως ho hḗrōs	τὼ ἥρωε tṑ hḗrōe	οἱ ἥρωες hoi hḗrōes
Genitive	τοῦ ἥρωος toû hḗrōos	τοῖν ἡρώοιν toîn hērṓoin	τῶν ἡρώων tôn hērṓōn
Dative	τῷ ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈ tôi hḗrōi / hḗrōï	τοῖν ἡρώοιν toîn hērṓoin	τοῖς ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν toîs hḗrōsi(n)
Accusative	τὸν ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ tòn hḗrō / hḗrōa	τὼ ἥρωε tṑ hḗrōe	τοὺς ἥρωᾰς toùs hḗrōas
Vocative	ἥρως hḗrōs	ἥρωε hḗrōe	ἥρωες hḗrōes
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἡρωίζω (hērōízō)
ἡρωϊκός (hērōïkós)
ἡρωίνη (hērōínē)
ἡρώϊος (hērṓïos)
ἡρωίς (hērōís)
ἡρωϊσμός (hērōïsmós)
ἡρωϊστής (hērōïstḗs)
ἡρῷον (hērôion)

Descendants

Greek: ήρωας (íroas)
Latin: hērōs
- Italian: eroe
- Old French: heroes
  - French: héros
  - English: hero
    - Japanese: ヒーロー (hīrō)
- Portuguese: herói
- Spanish: héroe
- Russian: геро́й (gerój)
- Serbo-Croatian: heroj

References

ἥρως in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἥρως in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ἥρως in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἥρως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ἥρως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
ἥρως in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- demigod idem, page 209.
- hero idem, page 397.
- patron idem, page 599.
- saint idem, page 731.

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