愛でる

Japanese
Kanji in this term
愛
め
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Alternative forms
  • (rare) 賞でる

Etymology

⟨me2du⟩ → */məɨdu/ → /mederu/

From Old Japanese verb 愛づ (medu).[1][2]

Natural progression from Old Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

Verb

愛でる (transitive, ichidan conjugation, hiragana めでる, rōmaji mederu)

  1. to love
    花 (はな)を愛 (め)でる
    hana o mederu
    to love flowers
    Synonyms: 愛しむ (itsukushimu), 好む (konomu)
    Antonyms: 厭う (itou), 嫌う (kirau), 憎む (nikumu)
  2. to adore
    Synonyms: 愛おしむ (itooshimu), 可愛がる (kawaigaru)
  3. to admire, to appreciate
    Synonyms: 感心する (kanshin suru), 誉める (homeru)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "愛でる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 愛で めで mede
Continuative (連用形) 愛で めで mede
Terminal (終止形) 愛でる めでる mederu
Attributive (連体形) 愛でる めでる mederu
Hypothetical (仮定形) 愛でれ めでれ medere
Imperative (命令形) 愛でよ¹
愛でろ²		 めでよ¹
めでろ²		 medeyo¹
medero²
Key constructions
Passive 愛でられる めでられる mederareru
Causative 愛でさせる
愛でさす		 めでさせる
めでさす		 medesaseru
medesasu
Potential 愛でられる
愛でれる³		 めでられる
めでれる³		 mederareru
medereru³
Volitional 愛でよう めでよう medeyō
Negative 愛でない
愛でぬ
愛でん		 めでない
めでぬ
めでん		 medenai
medenu
meden
Negative continuative 愛でず めでず medezu
Formal 愛でます めでます medemasu
Perfective 愛でた めでた medeta
Conjunctive 愛でて めでて medete
Hypothetical conditional 愛でれば めでれば medereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Classical conjugation of "愛づ" (ダ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 愛でめでmede
Continuative (連用形) 愛でめでmede
Terminal (終止形) 愛づめづmedu
Attributive (連体形) 愛づるめづるmeduru
Realis (已然形) 愛づれめづれmedure
Imperative (命令形) 愛でよめでよmedeyo
Key constructions
Negative 愛でずめでずmedezu
Contrasting conjunction 愛づれどめづれどmeduredo
Causal conjunction 愛づればめづればmedureba
Conditional conjunction 愛でばめでばmedeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 愛できめできmedeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 愛でけりめでけりmedekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 愛でつめでつmedetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 愛でぬめでぬmedenu
Perfect-continuative tense 愛でたりめでたりmedetari

Derived terms

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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