狡賢い
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 狡 | 賢 |
| ずる Hyōgaiji |
かしこ > がしこ Grade: S |
| kun’yomi | |
Etymology
Compound of 狡い (zurui, “tricky, cunning, devious”) + 賢い (kashikoi, “smart, clever, intelligent”).[1][2][3][4] The kashikoi changes to gashikoi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The spelling ずる賢い is more common than 狡賢い, due to the 狡 character falling into disuse.
Pronunciation
Alternative forms
Inflection
Inflection of 狡賢い
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 狡賢かろ | ずるがしこかろ | zurugashikokaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 狡賢く | ずるがしこく | zurugashikoku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 狡賢い | ずるがしこい | zurugashikoi |
| Attributive (連体形) | 狡賢い | ずるがしこい | zurugashikoi |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 狡賢けれ | ずるがしこけれ | zurugashikokere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 狡賢かれ | ずるがしこかれ | zurugashikokare |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 狡賢くない | ずるがしこくない | zurugashikoku nai |
| Informal past | 狡賢かった | ずるがしこかった | zurugashikokatta |
| Informal negative past | 狡賢くなかった | ずるがしこくなかった | zurugashikoku nakatta |
| Formal | 狡賢いです | ずるがしこいです | zurugashikoi desu |
| Formal negative | 狡賢くないです | ずるがしこくないです | zurugashikoku nai desu |
| Formal past | 狡賢かったです | ずるがしこかったです | zurugashikokatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 狡賢くなかったです | ずるがしこくなかったです | zurugashikoku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 狡賢くて | ずるがしこくて | zurugashikokute |
| Conditional | 狡賢ければ | ずるがしこければ | zurugashikokereba |
| Provisional | 狡賢かったら | ずるがしこかったら | zurugashikokattara |
| Volitional | 狡賢かろう | ずるがしこかろう | zurugashikokarō |
| Adverbial | 狡賢く | ずるがしこく | zurugashikoku |
| Degree | 狡賢さ | ずるがしこさ | zurugashikosa |
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, ISBN 4-09-501211-0
- 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13143-0
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