終える

Japanese
Kanji in this term
終
お
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Etymology

⟨wopu⟩ → ⟨wope2ru⟩ → /woperu/ → /woferu/ → /oheru/ → /oeru/

From Old Japanese verb wopu.[1][2][3]

The root verb was ambitransitive, with both transitive and intransitive senses conjugated using the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern. Over time, the two senses differentiated as the intransitive evolved into modern 終わる (owaru, also derivable as the spontaneous or passive -aru ending from a putative but unrecorded 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō), the full quadrigrade conjugation pattern), while the transitive evolved into modern 終える (oeru, with the 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) pattern, also known as "type 2", and the expected historical development for shimo nidan verbs).

Probably not related to superficially similar 追う (ou , ancient opu, “to follow”, quadrigrade conjugation in older Japanese), considering the distinct lack of initial /w/ in ancient spellings.

Pronunciation
Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "終える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 終える おえる [òérú]
Imperative (命令形) 終えろ おえろ [òéró]
Key constructions
Passive 終えられる おえられる [òérárérú]
Causative 終えさせる おえさせる [òésásérú]
Potential 終えられる おえられる [òérárérú]
Volitional 終えよう おえよ​ー [òéyóꜜò]
Negative 終えない おえない [òénáí]
Negative perfective 終えなかった おえな​かった [òénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 終えます おえま​す [òémáꜜsù]
Perfective 終えた おえた [òétá]
Conjunctive 終えて おえて [òété]
Hypothetical conditional 終えれば おえれ​ば [òéréꜜbà]

Verb

終える (transitive, ichidan conjugation, hiragana おえる, rōmaji oeru, historical hiragana をへる)

Japanese verb pair
active 終える
mediopassive 終わる
  1. to end (something), to conclude (something), to finish (something), to quit (something)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "終える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 終え おえ oe
Continuative (連用形) 終え おえ oe
Terminal (終止形) 終える おえる oeru
Attributive (連体形) 終える おえる oeru
Hypothetical (仮定形) 終えれ おえれ oere
Imperative (命令形) 終えよ¹
終えろ²		 おえよ¹
おえろ²		 oeyo¹
oero²
Key constructions
Passive 終えられる おえられる oerareru
Causative 終えさせる
終えさす		 おえさせる
おえさす		 oesaseru
oesasu
Potential 終えられる
終えれる³		 おえられる
おえれる³		 oerareru
oereru³
Volitional 終えよう おえよう oeyō
Negative 終えない
終えぬ
終えん		 おえない
おえぬ
おえん		 oenai
oenu
oen
Negative continuative 終えず おえず oezu
Formal 終えます おえます oemasu
Perfective 終えた おえた oeta
Conjunctive 終えて おえて oete
Hypothetical conditional 終えれば おえれば oereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Classical conjugation of "終ふ" (ハ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 終へをへwofe
Continuative (連用形) 終へをへwofe
Terminal (終止形) 終ふをふwofu
Attributive (連体形) 終ふるをふるwofuru
Realis (已然形) 終ふれをふれwofure
Imperative (命令形) 終へよをへよwofeyo
Key constructions
Negative 終へずをへずwofezu
Contrasting conjunction 終ふれどをふれどwofuredo
Causal conjunction 終ふればをふればwofureba
Conditional conjunction 終へばをへばwofeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 終へきをへきwofeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 終へけりをへけりwofekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 終へつをへつwofetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 終へぬをへぬwofenu
Perfect-continuative tense 終へたりをへたりwofetari

Synonyms

Antonyms

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  5. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Hirayama, Tetsuo (1960) 全国アクセント辞典 (Nationwide Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: 東京堂,.
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