-ㅅ

Sound-symbolic.

• IPA^(key): [t̚]

ㅅ • (-s)

1. (colloquial) a sentence-final emphatic particle, most common among younger speakers

   거기 섯! ― Geogi seo-t! ― Stop!

   가잣! ― Gaja-t! ― Let's go!

   힘내랏.... ㅜㅜㅜ ― Him-naera-t ― Good luck :(( (chatspeak)

   • 2019, 조광일, “생활 속 작은 실천이 지구를 살린다”, in idomin.com:

     따로 버려야 해욧

     ttaro beoryeo-ya hae-yo-t

     You need to throw them away separately!

• ㅂ (-p, colloquial particle connoting certitude)

These are the prescribed orthographic variants of -ㅅ (-s) in Sejong's original vision of the Hangul script, represented in the very early texts Hunmin jeongeum eonhae (1446) and Yongbi eocheonga (1447) which were supervised by the king himself.

• (between obstruents) -ㅅ (-s)
• (between sonorants) -ㅿ (-z)
• (after -ㆁ (-ng) and before an obstruent) -ㄱ (-k)
• (after -ㄴ (-n) and before an obstruent) -ㄷ (-t)
• (after -ㅁ (-m) and before an obstruent) -ㅂ (-p)
• (after -ㄹ (-l) or any vowel and before an obstruent) -ㆆ (-q)

This reflects the allomorphy taken by the particle, discussed below. This proved to be very cumbersome in practice, not being fully implemented even in the two early texts themselves, and was abandoned almost immediately after Sejong's death. Virtually all subsequent Middle Korean texts uniformly use -ㅅ (-s).

From Old Korean 叱 (inanimate genitive particle).

• IPA^(key): /s/
• Actual realisation:

  (between obstruents) IPA^(key): [s]

  (between sonorants) IPA^(key): [z]

  (after a sonorant and before an obstruent) Tensing of the subsequent obstruent

-ㅅ (-s)

1. of, -s; Genitive marker used for an inanimate noun or for an honored animate noun.
   • 1446, Hunminjeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

     나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮 中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮 달아〮

     nàlá-s mǎlssòm-í TYÙNG.KWÚYK-éy tàlGá

     The language of the country being different from China

   • 1447, Seokbo sangjeol 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절, page 6:41a:

     부텻 모〮미〮 여러〮 가짓〮 相(샤ᇰ〮)이〮 ᄀᆞᄌᆞ샤〮

     Pwùthyè-s mwóm-í yèlé kàcí-s SYÁNG-í kòcòsyá

     The body of the Buddha having forms of many kinds

2. Used after another particle, especially the locative particles, to mark it as attributing the subsequent noun.

• Korean: ㅅ (-s-)

• 의〮 (Yale: úy) (genitive marker for non-honored animate nouns)

• Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• 나찬연 (Na Chan-yeon) (2020) 중세 국어의 이해 [Understanding Middle Korean], Gyeongjin Chulpan, →ISBN