Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwerhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”); compare Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist”). Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic *térkʷos to *tʷérkos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθwer.xɑz/

Adjective

*þwerhaz

cross, adverse

Inflection

Declension of *þwerhaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þwerhaz	*þwerhai	*þwerhō	*þwerhôz	*þwerhą, -atō	*þwerhō
Accusative	*þwerhanǭ	*þwerhanz	*þwerhǭ	*þwerhōz	*þwerhą, -atō	*þwerhō
Genitive	*þwerhas, -is	*þwerhaizǫ̂	*þwerhaizōz	*þwerhaizǫ̂	*þwerhas, -is	*þwerhaizǫ̂
Dative	*þwerhammai	*þwerhaimaz	*þwerhaizōi	*þwerhaimaz	*þwerhammai	*þwerhaimaz
Instrumental	*þwerhanō	*þwerhaimiz	*þwerhaizō	*þwerhaimiz	*þwerhanō	*þwerhaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þwerhô	*þwerhaniz	*þwerhǭ	*þwerhōniz	*þwerhô	*þwerhōnō
Accusative	*þwerhanų	*þwerhanunz	*þwerhōnų	*þwerhōnunz	*þwerhô	*þwerhōnō
Genitive	*þwerhiniz	*þwerhanǫ̂	*þwerhōniz	*þwerhōnǫ̂	*þwerhiniz	*þwerhanǫ̂
Dative	*þwerhini	*þwerhammaz	*þwerhōni	*þwerhōmaz	*þwerhini	*þwerhammaz
Instrumental	*þwerhinē	*þwerhammiz	*þwerhōnē	*þwerhōmiz	*þwerhinē	*þwerhammiz

Descendants

Old English: þweorh, þwerh
Old Frisian: þweres (adverb)
- West Frisian: twer
Old Saxon: thwerh, ðwerh
- Middle Low German: dwer, dwers, queer
  - Low German: dweer, dwars, quars; (> verquars)
    - → German: verquast
  - → Middle English: dwere, dwire
  - → Scots: queer
    - → English: queer
Old Dutch: *thwerh, *thwerhes
- Middle Dutch: dwer, dwers, dwersch, dwaers
  - Dutch: dwars
Old High German: dwerah
- Middle High German: dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer
  - Alemannic German: Twër
  - German: quer (Central German); zwerch (Upper German; still in Zwerchfell)
  - Template:desg
Old Norse: þverr
- Icelandic: þver
- Danish: tvær
- Norwegian: tverr
- Old Swedish: þvær, þvar
  - Swedish: tvär
- Westrobothnian: tvar, tjvär, tjwär, tjwör, twor
- Faroese: tvørur
Old Norse: þvert
- Danish: tvært
- Westrobothnian: twahtt
- → Middle English: thwert
  - English: thwart
Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃 (þwairhs)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill

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