Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hakkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hakōną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; peg; hook; handle”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑk.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hakkōną

To hack; chop
To hoe

Inflection

Conjugation of *hakkōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hakkō	*hakkǭ	—	*hakkōi	*?
2nd singular	*hakkōsi	*hakkōs	*hakkō	*hakkōsai	*hakkōsau
3rd singular	*hakkōþi	*hakkō	*hakkōþau	*hakkōþai	*hakkōþau
1st dual	*hakkōs	*hakkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hakkōþiz	*hakkōþiz	*hakkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hakkōmaz	*hakkōm	—	*hakkōnþai	*hakkōnþau
2nd plural	*hakkōþ	*hakkōþ	*hakkōþ	*hakkōnþai	*hakkōnþau
3rd plural	*hakkōnþi	*hakkōn	*hakkōnþau	*hakkōnþai	*hakkōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hakkōdǭ	*hakkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hakkōdēz	*hakkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hakkōdē	*hakkōdēdī
1st dual	*hakkōdēdū	*hakkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hakkōdēdudiz	*hakkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hakkōdēdum	*hakkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hakkōdēdud	*hakkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hakkōdēdun	*hakkōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hakkōndz	*hakkōdaz

Related terms

*hakilō
*hakjaną

Descendants

Old English: *haccian
- Middle English: hakken, hacken
  - Scots: hak, hack
  - English: hack
- ⇒ Old English: āhaccian
- ⇒ Old English: tōhaccian
Old Frisian: *hakkia, *hakia
- Saterland Frisian: häkje
- West Frisian: hakje
- ⇒ Old Frisian: tohakia, *tohakkia
Old Saxon: *hakkōn
- Middle Low German: hacken
  - German Low German: hacken
  - Plautdietsch: haken
  - Danish: hakke
  - Swedish: hacka
  - Norn: hakka
  - Norwegian: hakke
  - Faroese: hakka
  - Icelandic: hakka
  - Gutnish: hakke
Frankish: *hakkōn, hakkijan
- Old Dutch: *hakkon, *hakon
  - Middle Dutch: hakken, haken
    - Dutch: hakken
- → Old French: hacher, hachier, hascher (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: hacchōn, *hakkōn
- Middle High German: hacken
  - German: hacken
    - → Estonian: hakkima
→ Finnic: (possibly)
- Estonian: hakkama
- Finnish: hakata
  - → Votic: hakata
- Karelian: hakata
- Livonian: akkõ

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