< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *per- (“before”).

Adverb

*pró [1]

  1. toward, leading to

Derived terms
  • *préh₃-wr̥ ~ *pr̥h₃-wén-s
    • *préh₃-wr̥-yh₂ (“forepart (of a ship)”)[2][3]
      • Hellenic: *prṓwařřa[3]
        • Ancient Greek: πρῷρα (prôira) (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr̥h₃-w-ṓ[4] (< *pr̥h₃-wón-s)[2]
      • Hellenic: *prōwṓ[4]
        • Ancient Greek: πρών (prṓn, “protruding rocks”)
  • *pr̥h₃-wó-s (“first”)[2][3][5]
    • Albanian: *paru
    • Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwos[5]
    • Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hwas
      • Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hwas
      • Iranian: *pŕ̥Hwah
        • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀‎ (paurva)
    • Tocharian: *pärwe[2]
  • *pr̥h₃-tó-s (“first”)[6]
    • Hellenic: [Term?]
      • Ancient Greek: πρῶτος (prôtos) (see there for further descendants)
  • *pro-k- (“in front”)[7]
    • Hellenic: [Term?]
  • *pró-mo-s (“first, leading”)[1][8]
    • Celtic: *ɸromos (“early, soon”)
      • Old Irish: [Term?]
        • Middle Irish: rom
    • Germanic: *fram (“forward, from, away”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Germanic: *framjaną (“to perform, promote, further”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic: [Term?]
      • Ancient Greek: πρόμος (prómos, “leader”)
    • Italic: *promom[9]
  • *pró-pro[10]
    • Hellenic: [Term?]
      • Ancient Greek: πρόπρο (própro)
    • Indo-Iranian: *prápra
      • Indo-Aryan: *prápra
        • Sanskrit: प्रप्र (prápra)
    • Italic: *propro[10]
      • Oscan: [Term?]
        • → Latin: prope (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Italic: *propsamos[10]
  • *pró-tero-s (“further”)[1][11][12]
    • Hellenic: [Term?]
    • Indo-Iranian: *prátaram[12]
      • Indo-Aryan: *pratarám
        • Sanskrit: प्रतर (pratara)
      • Iranian: *frátaram
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀‎‎ (fratara‎)
        • Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎼 (f-r-t-r)
Unsorted formations

Descendants
  • Anatolian: *prṓ
    • Hittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /prā/)
  • Balto-Slavic: *pra
    • Slavic: *pro (see there for further descendants)
  • Celtic: *ɸro (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic: *pró
    • Ancient Greek: πρό (pró), πρωΐ (prōḯ) (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian: *prá
    • Indo-Aryan: *prá
      • Sanskrit: प्र (prá)
    • Iranian: *frá
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀-‎ (fra-)
  • Italic: *prō (perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.))[14]
    • Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pro, prō”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 813-815
  2. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “parwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 383
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πρῷρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 1244-1245
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πρών”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page pages1244
  5. Derksen, Rick (2015), “pirmas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-358
  6. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πρώτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1245
  7. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πρόκα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1237
  8. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πρόμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1237
  9. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 489-490
  10. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “prope”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 492-493
  11. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πρότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1240
  12. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “pratara-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  13. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*frauja(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 153
  14. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 489-490
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