< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sóḱr̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Klimp suggests alternatively *sók(H)r̥ deriving from the root *sekH- (“to separate, cut off, distinguish”) +‎ *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).[1][2]

Noun

*sóḱr̥ n (oblique stem *sḱén-) [1][3][4]

  1. dung, excrement

Inflection
Athematic, proterokinetic
singular collective
nominative *sóḱr̥ *sḱṓr
genitive *sḱéns *sḱnés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *sóḱr̥ — — *sḱṓr
vocative *sóḱr̥ — — *sḱṓr
accusative *sóḱr̥ — — *sḱṓr
genitive *sḱéns — — *sḱnés
ablative *sḱéns — — *sḱnés
dative *sḱéney — — *sḱnéy
locative *sḱén, *sḱéni — — *sḱén, *sḱéni
instrumental *sḱénh₁ — — *sḱnéh₁

Descendants
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒋼𒀀 (ša-ak-kar /šakkar/), 𒍝𒀝𒋼𒀀 (za-ak-kar /zakkar/, “excrement, dung, feces”, nom.-acc.sg.)[2]
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: sãrņi (“dung”)[2]
    • Slavic:
  • Germanic: *skarną[3]
  • Hellenic: *skṓr
    • Ancient Greek: σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”) (< collective, genitive σκᾰτός < *sḱn̥-t-ós)[4]
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀-‎ (sairiia-, “dung”)[2]
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: शकृत् (śákṛt, “dung”), (weak cases) शकन् (śakán).
  • (possibly) Italic: *(s)ker-d-
    • Latin: -cerda (“feces”) (De Vaan prefers *(s)ker- / *(s)kerdʰ- (“to cut off”))[5]

References
  1. Klimp, Jenne (2013). “Remnants of *r/n-Stem Heteroclite Inflection in Germanic”. Unpublished manuscript, University of Groningen. p. 47
  2. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 807-808
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skarną”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 440
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκῶρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1365
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-cerda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 109
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