Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wréh₂ds

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*wréh₂ds f (oblique stem *wr̥h₂d-)

root

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*wréh₂ds
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wréh₂ds	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
vocative	*wréh₂d	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
accusative	*wréh₂dm̥	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂dm̥s
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dóHom
ablative	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dmós
dative	*wr̥h₂déy	*?	*wr̥h₂dmós
locative	wréh₂d, wréh₂di	*?	*wr̥h₂dsú
instrumental	*wr̥h₂déh₁	*?	*wr̥h₂dbʰí

Descendants

Albanian: rrënjë (< *wradnjā < *wrh̥₂dnio)
Armenian:
- Middle Armenian: արգատ (argat, “superfluous branches cut off from vine and used for kindling”) (possibly)
Balto-Slavic: *radas
- Latvian: rads (“birth, kin, sex, sort”)
- Slavic: *rodъ
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: родъ (rodŭ)
      - Belarusian: род (rod)
      - Russian: род (rod)
      - Ukrainian: рід (rid)
      - → Finnish: rotu
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic: родъ (rodŭ)
      Glagolitic: ⱃⱁⰴⱏ (rodŭ)
    - Bulgarian: род (rod)
    - Macedonian: род (rod)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic: род
      Latin: rȏd
    - Slovene: ród
  - West Slavic:
    - Czech: rod
    - Polish: ród
    - Slovak: rod
    - Sorbian:
      - Lower Sorbian: rod
      - Upper Sorbian: ród
  - Non-Slavic:
    - → Romanian: rod
Celtic:
- *wredios < *wr̥djo
  - Welsh: gwraidd
  - Breton: gwriz
- *wrednā < *wr̥dnio
  - Old Irish: frén (< *wrēnā < *wrednā), (later) frém
    - Irish: fréamh
  - Welsh: greddf "instinct" (< *wredmā)
Germanic: *wirtiz, *wrōts (genitive *wurtiz)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ῥίζα (rhíza) (< *wredih₂-), ῥάδιξ (rhádix) "branch" (< *wreh₂dih₂-)
Indo-Iranian
- Iranian
  - Old Persian: [script needed] (raēša)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (rēšag)
      - Persian: ریشه‎ (rīše)
  - Kurdish: reh "root"
  - Dimili-Zazaki: rêçıke, riçıke "root"
Italic: *wrād-ī-k-
- Latin: rādīx
Italic: *wrad-yo-
- Latin: radius
Italic: *wrād-mo-
- Latin: rāmus
Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: witsako (< *wr̥di-k-eh₂, with loss of -r-)

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