Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ṯalāṯ-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Numeral

**Proto-Semitic numbers ^(edit)**
← 2	3	4 →
Cardinal: *ṯalāṯ-

*ṯalāṯ-

three

Comment

Numerals 3-10 were formed with the abstract/collective suffix *-at. Bare root morpheme continued to be used with feminine nouns, which led to various "gender polarity" phenomena in various Semitic languages.

Derived terms

*ṯalāṯ-um (nominative absolute)
- East Semitic:
  - Old Akkadian: 𒐈 (EŠ₅ /śalāšum/)
    - Akkadian: 𒐈 (EŠ₅ /šalāšum/)
- West Semitic:
  - Arabic: ثَلَاثٌ‎ (ṯalāṯun)
    - Modern Standard Arabic: ثَلَاث‎ (ṯalāṯ)
    - Egyptian Arabic: تلات‎ (talat)
    - Maltese: tliet
    - Moroccan Arabic: تلات‎ (tlāt)
    - North Levantine Arabic: تلات‎ (tlāt)
  - Ethiopian Semitic:
    - Ge'ez: ሠላስ (śalās)
  - Proto-Northwest Semitic: *ṯalāṯum f[1]
    - Old Aramaic: 𐤔𐤋𐤔‎ f (šlš /ṯalāṯ/)
      - Imperial Aramaic: 𐡕𐡋‎𐡕‎‎ f (tlt /talāṯ/)
      - Biblical Aramaic: תלת‎ f (tlt /talāṯ/)
      - Samaritan Aramaic: ࠕࠟࠋࠠࠕ‎ f (talāt)
      - Classical Syriac: ܬܠܵܬ݂‎ f (tlāṯ)
      - Turoyo: ܬܠܳܬ݂‎ f (tloṯ)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܶܬ݂ܠܰܬ݂‎ f (ʾeṯlaṯ)
    - Proto-Canaanite: *šalōš
      - Biblical Hebrew: שלש‎ (šlš /šalōš/)[1]
        Modern Israeli Hebrew: שָׁלוֹשׁ‎ (shalósh)
      - Phoenician: 𐤔𐤋𐤔‎ (šlš /šalōš/)
        Punic: 𐤔𐤋𐤔‎ (šlš /salys/)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎍𐎘 (ṯlṯ /ṯalāṯu/)
  - Modern South Arabian:
    - Mehri: śāṯayt, śaʕṯayt (Mahriyōt)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Hadrami: 𐩦𐩡𐩯𐩣‎ (s₂ls₃m /śalāsum/)
    - Sabaean: 𐩻𐩡𐩻‎ (ṯlṯ), 𐩦𐩡𐩻‎ (s₂lṯ) (early Sabaic)
    - Minaean: 𐩦𐩠𐩡𐩻‎ f (s₂hlṯ)
*ṯalāṯ-at-um (nominative absolute with *-at suffix)
- East Semitic:
  - Old Akkadian: 𒐈 (EŠ₅ /śalāštum/)
    - Akkadian: 𒐈 (EŠ₅ /šalāštum/)
- West Semitic:
  - Arabic: ثَلَاثَةٌ‎ (ṯalāṯatun)
    - Modern Standard Arabic: ثَلَاثَة‎ (ṯalāṯa)
    - Egyptian Arabic: تلاتة‎ (talēta)
    - Maltese: tlieta
    - Moroccan Arabic: تلاتة‎ (tlāta)
    - North Levantine Arabic: تلاتة‎ (tlāte)
  - Ethiopian Semitic:
    - Amharic: ሦስት (sost)
    - Ge'ez: ሠለስቱ (śalastu)
    - Tigre: ሰለስ (salas)
    - Tigrinya: ሰለስተ (salasta)
  - Proto-Northwest Semitic: *ṯalāṯatum m[1]
    - Old Aramaic: 𐤔𐤋𐤔𐤄‎ m (šlšh /ṯalāṯah/)
      - Imperial Aramaic: 𐡕𐡋‎𐡕𐡄‎‎ m (tlth /talāṯā/)
      - Biblical Aramaic: תלתא‎ m (tltʾ /talāṯā/)
      - Samaritan Aramaic: ࠕࠟࠋࠟࠕࠠࠄ‎ m (talāta)
      - Classical Syriac: ܬܠܵܬ݂ܵܐ‎ m (tlāṯa)
      - Classical Mandaic: ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ‎ m (tlāṯa)
        Mandaic: ࡊࡋࡀࡕ࡙ࡀ‎ m (klɔ̄ṯɔ)
      - Turoyo: ܬܠܳܬ݂ܳܐ‎ m (tloṯo)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܬ݂ܠܳܬ݂ܰܐ‎ m (ṯlōṯa)
    - Proto-Canaanite: *šalōšat
      - Biblical Hebrew: שלשה‎ (šlšh /šalōšah/)[1]
        Modern Israeli Hebrew: שְׁלוֹשָׁה‎ (sh'loshá)
      - Phoenician: 𐤔𐤋𐤔𐤕‎ (šlšt /šalōšat/)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎍𐎘𐎚 (ṯlṯt /ṯalāṯatu/)
  - Modern South Arabian:
    - Mehri: śhəlīṯ
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Hadrami: 𐩦𐩡𐩯𐩩𐩣‎ (s₂ls₃tm /śalāsatum/)
    - Sabaean: 𐩻𐩡𐩻𐩩‎ (ṯlṯt)

References

Benjamin D. Suchard (2019), “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243

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[Suchard2019-1] Benjamin D. Suchard (2019), “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243