Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaśar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

**Proto-Semitic cardinal numbers**
< 9	10
Cardinal : *ʕaśar-

Numeral

*ʕaśar- [1]

ten

Derived terms

*ʕaśar-um (nominative absolute)[1]
- East Semitic:
  - Akkadian: 𒌋 f (U /ešerum/)[2]
- West Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشْرٌ‎ f (ʿašrun)
    - Modern Standard Arabic: عَشْر‎ f (ʿašr)
    - Maltese: għaxar
  - Ethiopian Semitic:
    - Ge'ez: ዐሥሩ f (ʕaśru)
    - Tigre: ዐስር f (ʕäsər)
  - Proto-Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśrum f[3]
    - Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓‎‎ f (ʕšr /ʕaśar/)[4]
      - Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓‎‎ f (ʕsr /ʕasar/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܣܲܪ‎ f (ʕsar)
      - Turoyo: ܥܣܪ‎‎ f (ḥṣar)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܶܥܣܰܪܐ‎ f (ʔeʕsar)
    - Canaanite:
      - Biblical Hebrew: עשר‎ f (ʕśr /ʕeśer/)[3]
        Modern Israeli Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר‎ f (/ʔéser/)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓ‎ f (ʕšr /ʔešer/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤎𐤓‎ f (ʕsr)[5]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓‎ f (ʿšr)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗 f (ʿšr /ʕašru/)[6]
  - Sabaean: 𐩲𐩦𐩧𐩣‎ f (ʕs₂rm /ʕas₂arum/)[7]

*ʕaśar-at-um (nominative absolute with *-at suffix)[1]
- East Semitic:
  - Akkadian: 𒌋 m (U /ešertum/)[2]
- West Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشَرَةٌ‎ m (ʿašaratun)
    - Modern Standard Arabic: عَشَرَة‎ m (ʿašara)
    - Egyptian Arabic: عشرة‎ (ʿašṛa)
    - Maltese: għaxra
    - Moroccan Arabic: عشرة‎ (ʕašra)
  - Ethiopian Semitic:
    - Ge'ez: ዐሠርቱ m (ʕaśartu)
    - Tigrinya: ዓሰርተ m (ʕassärtä)
  - Proto-Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśaratum m[3]
    - Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓𐡄‎‎ m (ʕšrh /ʕaśarah/)
      - Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓𐡄‎‎ m (ʕsrh /ʕasrā/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܸܣܪܵܐ‎ m (ʕesrɑ)
      - Turoyo: ܥܰܣܪܐ‎ m (ʕaṣro)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܥܰܣܪܰܐ‎ m (ʕasra)
    - Proto-Canaanite: *ʕaśarat
      - Biblical Hebrew: עשרה‎‎ m (ʕšrh /ʕaśarah/)[3]
        Modern Israeli Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה‎‎ m (ʔasará)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓࠄ‎ m (ʕšrh /ʔašara/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤎𐤓𐤕‎ m (ʕsrt /ʕasarat/)[5]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕‎ m (ʿšrt)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗𐎚 m (ʿšrt /ʕašratu/)[6]

References

John Huehnergard (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN
John Huehnergard (2018) A Grammar of Akkadian‎, 3rd edition, Brill, →ISBN, page 235
Benjamin D. Suchard (2019), “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243
The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak
Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019), “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529
Miller Prosser (2017), “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎, University of Chicago, Lesson 5
Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020), “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎, page 36

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[HuehnergardSem-1] John Huehnergard (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

[HuehnergardAkk-2] John Huehnergard (2018) A Grammar of Akkadian‎, 3rd edition, Brill, →ISBN, page 235

[Suchard2019-3] Benjamin D. Suchard (2019), “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243

[CAL-4] The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak

[Canaan-5] Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019), “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529

[IUG-6] Miller Prosser (2017), “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎, University of Chicago, Lesson 5

[7] Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020), “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎, page 36