Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-mun

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mun/rmun (Coblin, 1986), *mun ~ s-mun (Chou, 1972)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-mun (Matisoff, STEDT)

*s-mun

1. dark, dim, dusky, blurred
2. dusk, evening, darkness
3. dull, stupid, confused
4. sad, sulky

• Old Chinese:

  悶 (*mɯːns (ZS), “melancholy, depressed; dull, stupid”)

  昏 (*m̥ˁun (B-S), *m̥ɯːn (ZS), “dusk, evening; dark; confused, bewildered”)

  > 婚 (*m̥ɯːn (ZS, “to marry; marriage”)

  (traditionally (since Han Dynasty) regarded as a derivation from 昏, so named since marriage ceremonies took place at dusk in ancient times; may be folk etymology instead)

  惛 (*m̥ɯːn, *m̥ɯːns (ZS), “muddled, confused”)

  殙 (*m̥ɯːn (ZS), “drizzly, misty”)

  紊 (*mɯns (ZS), “disorderly, confused, tangled”)

  perhaps also

  懣 (*moːnʔ, *muːnʔ, *muːns (ZS), “sullen, sulky, resentful”)

  忽 (*m̥ˁut (B-S), *m̥ɯːd (ZS), “careless, confused; disorderly; dim, blurred; rapid; sudden”) (Baxter/Sagart, 1998)

  昒 (*m̥ɯːd, *mɯd (ZS), “dawn, daybreak; dark”)

  • Middle Chinese: 悶 (muənH), 昏, 婚, 殙 (huən), 惛 (huən, huənX, huənH), 紊 (mɨunH), 懣 (muɑnX, muənX, muənH), 忽 (huət), 昒 (huət, mɨut)

• • →   Japanese:  婚 (こん, ​kon)
          Korean:  혼 (婚, hon)
          Vietnamese:  hôn (婚)

• • • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 悶 (mèn, /mən⁵¹/, "depressed, in low spirits"; mēn, /mən⁵⁵/, "tightly closed, suffocating, muffled"), 燜 (mèn, /mən⁵¹/, "to stew"), 昏, 婚, 殙, 惛 (hūn, /xu̯ən⁵⁵/), 紊 (wěn, /u̯ən²¹⁴/), 懣 (mèn, /mən⁵¹/), 忽, 昒 (hū, /xu⁵⁵/)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: མུན་པ (mun pa, “dark”), དམུན་པ (dmun pa, “darkened”), རྨུན་པོ (rmun po, “(archaic) dull, heavy, stupid”)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: မှုန် (hmun, “dim, gloomy, sullen, indistinct”) (> အမှုန် (a.hmun, “particle, dust, speck”))

• *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk, *r-məw (“fog, mist, cloud; misty, dark, dull”)
• *s-maŋ ~ s-mak (“black, ink, deep”)
• *m-njal ~ s-njal (“to sleep, to lie down”)
• *(s/r)-ma(ŋ/k) (“dream”)
• *ma (“no, not, none”)