Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žьlna

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gilˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European root:

*gʷelH- (“torment, sting”). Related to *žalь (“pity, regret”), *želěti (“to regret”), *želja (“grief”).
*ǵʰelh₃-. Related to *žьltъ (“yellow”), *zelenъ (“green”).

Cognate with Lithuanian gilnà (“green woodpecker”), Latvian dzil̂na (“woodpecker”)

Noun

*žьlna f

woodpecker, green woodpecker

Declension

Declension of *žьlna (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*žьlna	*žьlně	*žьlny
Accusative	*žьlnǫ	*žьlně	*žьlny
Genitive	*žьlny	*žьlnu	*žьlnъ
Locative	*žьlně	*žьlnu	žьlnasъ, žьlnaxъ^*
Dative	*žьlně	*žьlnama	*žьlnamъ
Instrumental	žьlnojǫ, žьlnǫ^**	*žьlnama	*žьlnami
Vocative	*žьlno	*žьlně	*žьlny

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

Church Slavonic: жлъна (žlŭna) (Russian)

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: *жьлна (*žĭlna)
  - Belarusian: жаўна́ (žaŭná)
  - Russian: желна́ (želná)
  - Ukrainian: жо́вна (žóvna)

South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: жълна́ (žǎlná)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: жуна
  
  Latin: žuna
- Slovene: žółna (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:
- Czech: žluna
- Polish: żołna
- Slovak: žlna
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: žołma
  - Lower Sorbian: žołma

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “žьlna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 565
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “желна”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “желна”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 296
Georgiev Vl. I., editor (1971), “жълна”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 563
https://slovari.yandex.ru/~книги/Этимологический%20словарь/Желна/

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