< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kalъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Unknown. No reliable non-Slavic cognates have been identified to date (including in Baltic languages, which is surprising considering some archaic features of the word).

Semantically close Ancient Greek πηλός (pēlós, “clay, mud, bog”) (also Doric πᾱλός (pālós), which could indicate possible derivation from *kʷālos) is unexplained as well, since derivation from a common IE **kʷeh₂los is prevented by accentuation (Hirt's law). Beekes suspected it to be a Pre-Greek (non-IE substrate) borrowing.

Something similar is Latin squālus (“dirty, unkempt”): there's no etymology, sematics seems to be close and according to de Vaan, sequence "squ-" indicates it isn't an inherited word. However, the root may be derived to squālor (“filth, roughness of the surface”) and squāma (“scale”) even though those lack an etymology as well.

Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, very dark blue”) is either a Dravidian borrowing or a late development, thus unrelated.

Noun

*kȃlъ m [1]

  1. dirt

Declension
Declension of *kȃlъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *kȃlъ *kȃla *kȃli
Accusative *kȃlъ *kȃla *kȃly
Genitive *kȃla *kalù *kãlъ
Locative *kȃlě *kalù *kalě̃xъ
Dative *kȃlu *kalomà *kalòmъ
Instrumental *kȃlъmь, *kȃlomь* *kalomà *kalý
Vocative *kale *kȃla *kȃli
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:

Further reading

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kȃlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220: “m. o (c) ‘dirt’”
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