< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьma
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *timāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.
Declension
Declension of *tьmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tьmà | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| Accusative | *tьmǫ̀ | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| Genitive | *tьmỳ | *tьmù | *tь̀mъ |
| Locative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmù | *tьmàsъ, *tьmàxъ* |
| Dative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmàma | *tьmàmъ |
| Instrumental | *tьmòjǫ, *tь̀mǫ** | *tьmàma | *tьmàmī |
| Vocative | *tьmo | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *tьmьnъ (“dark”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “тьма”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Verweij, Arno (1994), “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics), volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., page 503
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”
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