Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xoldъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Unclear.

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel-, in which case it is cognate with Latin gelidus (“cool, icy”), English cold, Sanskrit जड (jaḍa), but initial *x- is hard to explain.
Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱol-, in which case it is cognate with Lithuanian šáltas (“cold”), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀‎ (sarəta), Persian ‎ (sard), Ossetian салд (sald), but initial *x- is likewise hard to explain.

Noun

*xȏldъ m

cold, coolness

Inflection

Declension of *xȏldъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*xȏldъ	*xȏlda	*xȏldi
Accusative	*xȏldъ	*xȏlda	*xȏldy
Genitive	*xȏlda	*xoldù	*xõldъ
Locative	*xȏldě	*xoldù	*xoldě̃xъ
Dative	*xȏldu	*xoldomà	*xoldòmъ
Instrumental	xȏldъmь, xȏldomь^*	*xoldomà	*xoldý
Vocative	*xolde	*xȏlda	*xȏldi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*xoldьnъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: хо́лад (xólad)
- Russian: хо́лод (xólod)
- Ukrainian: хо́лод (xólod)

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: хладъ (xladŭ)
  
  Glagolitic: [Term?]
- Bulgarian: хлад (hlad), definite хладъ́т (hladǎ́t)
- Macedonian: лад (lad)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: хла̑д, gen. хла̑да
  
  Latin: hlȃd, gen. hlȃda
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): hlå̑d (“shade”), gen. hlå̑da
  - Chakavian (Novi): hlȃd (“shade”)
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): hlȃt (“shade”), gen. hlȃda
- Slovene: hlȃd (“coolness”) (tonal orthography); dialectal hlad (“shadow”)

West Slavic:
- Czech: chlad
- Polabian: xlåd
- Polish: chłód, gen. chłodu
- Slovak: chlad
- Slovincian: χłȯ́u̯d
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: chłód, gen. chłoda
  - Lower Sorbian: chłodk (“coolness, shade”)

References

Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “холод”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xoldъ”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 08, Moscow: Nauka, page 57

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