< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kiāl-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Verb

kiāl-

  1. (intransitive) to stay behind, remain

Descendants
  • Medieval
    • Karakhanid: قَلْماقْ‎ (qalmāq)
    • Old Turkic
      • Orkhon: 𐰴𐰞‎ (qal-)
      • Old Uyghur: qʾlmʾq (qalmaq)
    • Kipchak
      • Cuman: [script needed] (qal-)
      • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (qal-)
    • Khorezmian: [script needed] (qal-)
  • Oghuz
    • West Oghuz
      • Azeri: qalmaq
      • Ottoman Turkish: قالمق‎‎ (qalmaq)
    • East Oghuz
      • Turkmen: gālmak
  • Kipchak
    • North Kipchak
      • Bashkir: ҡалыу (qalïw)
      • Tatar: калу (qalu)
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
        • Kazakh: қалу (qalw)
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
        • Kyrgyz: калуу (kaluu)
        • Southern Altai: калур (kalur)
  • Karluk
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (qalmaq)
      • Uzbek: qolmoq
      • Uyghur: قالماق‎‎ (qalmaq‎)
  • Siberian
    • North Siberian
      • Dolgan: каал (kaal)
      • Yakut: хаал (xaal)
    • South Siberian
      • Yenisei Turkic
        • Khakas: халарға (xalarğa)
      • Sayan Turkic
        • Tuvan: калыр (kalır)
  • Oghur
    • Chuvash: юлма (julma)

Further reading
  • Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Kiāl-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972), “kal-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 615
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