< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yāĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology 1

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *na-sun (“age”) through inheritance or borrowing, itself perhaps from earlier nal-sun.

Noun

*yāĺ

  1. age; year
Derived terms
  • *yāĺ-a- (“to live”)
  • *yāĺ-lïg (“aged; old”)
Descendants
  • Karakhanid: يَشْ‎ (yaš)
  • Old Turkic
    • Orkhon: 𐰖𐱁‎ (yaš)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
  • Khorezmian: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Arghu
    • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
  • Oghuz
    • Azeri: yaş
    • Gagauz: yaş
    • Ottoman Turkish: یاش‎ (yaş)
    • Salar: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Turkmen: ýāş
  • Kipchak
    • Cuman: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • West Kipchak
      • Crimean Tatar: yaş
      • Karachay-Balkar: жаш
      • Kumyk: яш
    • North Kipchak
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
        • Kyrgyz: жаш (caş)
        • Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)
  • Karluk:
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)
      • Uzbek: yosh
      • Uyghur: ياش‎ (yash)
  • Siberian
    • North Siberian
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
      • Yenisei Turkic
  • Oghur

Etymology 2

Relation to above etymology is unclear.

EDAL separates the senses young and fresh by etymology, and compares them to Proto-Mongolic *jala-xu (“young”) and *nïla-xun (“raw”) respectively.

Nugteren also mentions *nïlka (“baby”) as a potential cognate.

Adjective

*yāĺ

  1. young, fresh, green, raw, moist

Noun

*yāĺ

  1. vegetable
Derived terms
  • *yāĺ-ïl (“green”)
  • *yāĺ-ar- (“to become green”)
  • *yāĺ-la- (“to graze”)
Descendants
  • Karakhanid: ياشْ‎ (yāš)
  • Old Turkic
    • Orkhon: 𐰖𐰀𐰽‎ (yāš) (Irk Bitig)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
  • Khorezmian: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Arghu
    • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
  • Oghuz
    • Azeri: yaş
    • Gagauz: yaş
    • Ottoman Turkish: یاش‎ (yaş)
    • Salar: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Turkmen: ýāş
  • Kipchak
    • Cuman: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • West Kipchak
      • Crimean Tatar: yaş
      • Karachay-Balkar: жаш
    • North Kipchak
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
        • Kyrgyz: жаш (caş)
        • Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)
  • Karluk:
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)
      • Uzbek: yosh
      • Uyghur: ياش‎ (yash)
  • Siberian
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
      • Sayan Turkic
      • Yenisei Turkic

Etymology 3

Very likely in some way related to Proto-Mongolic *nïlbu-sun (“tear”), however EDAL connects it to Proto-Mongolic *ni-dün (“eye”)

Noun

*yāĺ

  1. tear
Derived terms
  • *yāĺ-lïg (“tearful, filled with tears”)
  • *yāĺ-ar- (“to become tearful”)
Descendants
  • Karakhanid: ياشْ‎ (yāš)
  • Old Turkic
    • Orkhon: 𐰖𐱁‎ (yaš)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
  • Khorezmian: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Arghu
    • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
  • Oghuz
  • Kipchak
    • Cuman: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • North Kipchak
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
        • Kyrgyz: жаш (caş)
        • Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)
  • Karluk:
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)
      • Uzbek: yosh
      • Uyghur: ياش‎ (yash)
  • Siberian
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
      • Sayan Turkic
      • Yenisei Turkic
  • Oghur
    • Chuvash: куҫ-ҫуль (kuś-śulʹ, literally “eye-tear”)

Further reading
  • Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*nàjĺV”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ńi̯ṓĺe”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ńā́ĺba”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ni̯ā̀”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ya:ş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 975
  • Sevortjan, E. V.; Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages]‎ (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 161
  • Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21) (in German), volume 4, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 97
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 192
  • Tenišev E. R., editor (2001) Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 685
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