Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kuning

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kuningaz.

Noun

*kuning m [1]

king

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kuning
Genitive	*kuningas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kuning	kuningō, kuningōs
Accusative	*kuning	*kuningā
Genitive	*kuningas	*kuningō
Dative	*kuningē	*kuningum
Instrumental	*kuningu	*kuningum

Descendants

Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kuning
- Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig
  - English: king, kyng, kynge
    - Tok Pisin: king
    - → Isubu: kinge
    - → Japanese: キング (kingu)
    - → Maori: kingi
  - Scots: keeng, king
Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
- North Frisian: köning, könning, käning
- Saterland Frisian: Köönich
- West Frisian: kening
Old Saxon: kuning
- Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
  - Low German:
    - Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
    - German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
      - Plautdietsch: Kjennich
  - → Latgalian: kieneņš
  - → Latvian: ķēniņš
  - → West Frisian: keuning
Old Dutch: kuning
- Middle Dutch: cōninc
  - Dutch: koning
    - Afrikaans: koning
    - → Sranan Tongo: kownu
  - Limburgish: keuning
Old High German: kuning, cuning, khuninc
- Middle High German: künic, künec
  - Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
  - Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
  - Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
  - German: König
    - → Central Franconian: Künnisch
  - Luxembourgish: Kinnek
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: Keenich
  - Vilamovian: kyng
  - Yiddish: קיניג‎ (kinig)

References

Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45: “PWGmc *kuning”

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[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45: “PWGmc *kuning”