dún
See also: Appendix:Variations of "dun"
Icelandic
Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠuːnˠ/
Etymology 1
From Old Irish dún, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).
Declension
Declension of dún
First declension
Bare forms:
|
Forms with the definite article:
|
- Alternative declension
Declension of dún
Third declension
Bare forms:
|
Forms with the definite article:
|
Derived terms
- dún Dé (“God's house, heaven”)
- dún long (“haven for ships”)
- urdhún (“bastion”)
Etymology 2
From Old Irish dúnaid, dúinid (“shuts, closes; blocks, obstructs; joins, clasps; closes, ends”).
Verb
dún (present analytic dúnann, future analytic dúnfaidh, verbal noun dúnadh, past participle dúnta)
- (transitive, intransitive) close, shut
- (transitive, intransitive) draw together; secure, fasten
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
indicative | present | dúnaim | dúnann tú; dúnair† |
dúnann sé, sí | dúnaimid | dúnann sibh | dúnann siad; dúnaid† |
a dhúnann; a dhúnas / a ndúnann*; a ndúnas* |
dúntar |
past | dhún mé; dhúnas | dhún tú; dhúnais | dhún sé, sí | dhúnamar; dhún muid | dhún sibh; dhúnabhair | dhún siad; dhúnadar | a dhún / ar dhún* |
dúnadh | |
past habitual | dhúnainn | dhúntá | dhúnadh sé, sí | dhúnaimis; dhúnadh muid | dhúnadh sibh | dhúnaidís; dhúnadh siad | a dhúnadh / ar dhúnadh* |
dhúntaí | |
future | dúnfaidh mé; dúnfad |
dúnfaidh tú; dúnfair† |
dúnfaidh sé, sí | dúnfaimid; dúnfaidh muid |
dúnfaidh sibh | dúnfaidh siad; dúnfaid† |
a dhúnfaidh; a dhúnfas / a ndúnfaidh*; a ndúnfas* |
dúnfar | |
conditional | dhúnfainn / ndúnfainn‡‡ | dhúnfá / ndúnfᇇ | dhúnfadh sé, sí / ndúnfadh sé, s퇇 | dhúnfaimis; dhúnfadh muid / ndúnfaimis‡‡; ndúnfadh muid‡‡ | dhúnfadh sibh / ndúnfadh sibh‡‡ | dhúnfaidís; dhúnfadh siad / ndúnfaidís‡‡; ndúnfadh siad‡‡ | a dhúnfadh / ar dhúnfadh* |
dhúnfaí / ndúnfa퇇 | |
subjunctive | present | go ndúna mé; go ndúnad† |
go ndúna tú; go ndúnair† |
go ndúna sé, sí | go ndúnaimid; go ndúna muid |
go ndúna sibh | go ndúna siad; go ndúnaid† |
— | go ndúntar |
past | dá ndúnainn | dá ndúntá | dá ndúnadh sé, sí | dá ndúnaimis; dá ndúnadh muid |
dá ndúnadh sibh | dá ndúnaidís; dá ndúnadh siad |
— | dá ndúntaí | |
imperative | dúnaim | dún | dúnadh sé, sí | dúnaimis | dúnaigí; dúnaidh† |
dúnaidís | — | dúntar | |
verbal noun | dúnadh | ||||||||
past participle | dúnta |
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Alternative forms
- dúin (Cois Fharraige)
Mutation
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
dún | dhún | ndún |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "dún" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- “dún” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.
- “dúnaid” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /duːn/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).
Inflection
Neuter o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | dúnN | dúnN | dúnL, dúna |
Vocative | dúnN | dúnN | dúnL, dúna |
Accusative | dúnN | dúnN | dúnL, dúna |
Genitive | dúinL | dún | dúnN |
Dative | dúnL | dúnaib | dúnaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Neuter s-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | dún | dúnN | dúineL |
Vocative | dún | dúnN | dúineL |
Accusative | dún | dúnN | dúineL |
Genitive | dúineH | dúineN | dúineN |
Dative | dúinL | dúinib | dúinib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
dún | dún pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ |
ndún |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
West Frisian
Further reading
- “dún (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
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