labourer
English
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /ˈleɪ.bə.ɹə/
Noun
labourer (plural labourers)
- British spelling standard spelling of laborer.
- 1918, W. B. Maxwell, chapter 17, in The Mirror and the Lamp:
- This time was most dreadful for Lilian. Thrown on her own resources and almost penniless, she maintained herself and paid the rent of a wretched room near the hospital by working as a charwoman, sempstress, anything. In a moment she had dropped to the level of a casual labourer.
-
French
Etymology
From Middle French labourer, from Old French laborer, borrowed from Latin labōrāre, present active infinitive of labōrō. Replaced the Old French arer (“to plough”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /la.bu.ʁe/
Audio (file)
Conjugation
Conjugation of labourer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | labourant /la.bu.ʁɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | labouré /la.bu.ʁe/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | labourer | ||||||
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | labourant /la.bu.ʁɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | laboure /la.buʁ/ |
laboures /la.buʁ/ |
laboure /la.buʁ/ |
labourons /la.bu.ʁɔ̃/ |
labourez /la.bu.ʁe/ |
labourent /la.buʁ/ |
| imperfect | labourais /la.bu.ʁɛ/ |
labourais /la.bu.ʁɛ/ |
labourait /la.bu.ʁɛ/ |
labourions /la.bu.ʁjɔ̃/ |
labouriez /la.bu.ʁje/ |
labouraient /la.bu.ʁɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | labourai /la.bu.ʁe/ |
labouras /la.bu.ʁa/ |
laboura /la.bu.ʁa/ |
labourâmes /la.bu.ʁam/ |
labourâtes /la.bu.ʁat/ |
labourèrent /la.bu.ʁɛʁ/ | |
| future | labourerai /la.bu.ʁə.ʁe/ |
laboureras /la.bu.ʁə.ʁa/ |
labourera /la.bu.ʁə.ʁa/ |
labourerons /la.bu.ʁə.ʁɔ̃/ |
labourerez /la.bu.ʁə.ʁe/ |
laboureront /la.bu.ʁə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | labourerais /la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ |
labourerais /la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ |
labourerait /la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ |
labourerions /la.bu.ʁə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
laboureriez /la.bu.ʁə.ʁje/ |
laboureraient /la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | laboure /la.buʁ/ |
laboures /la.buʁ/ |
laboure /la.buʁ/ |
labourions /la.bu.ʁjɔ̃/ |
labouriez /la.bu.ʁje/ |
labourent /la.buʁ/ |
| imperfect2 | labourasse /la.bu.ʁas/ |
labourasses /la.bu.ʁas/ |
labourât /la.bu.ʁa/ |
labourassions /la.bu.ʁa.sjɔ̃/ |
labourassiez /la.bu.ʁa.sje/ |
labourassent /la.bu.ʁas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | laboure /la.buʁ/ |
— | labourons /la.bu.ʁɔ̃/ |
labourez /la.bu.ʁe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “labourer” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French laborer.
Verb
labourer
- to work (to do work); to labor
- to manufacture; to make (in a work context)
- 15th century, Rustichello da Pisa (original author), Mazarine Master (scribe), The Travels of Marco Polo, page 15, lines 5-6:
- Et si labourent draps d'or et de soie et de toutes façons trés beaux.
- And they manufacture cloths of gold and of silk which are in all ways very beautiful.
-
Descendants
- French: labourer
References
- labourer on Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) (in French)
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