amplifier

Examples of amplifier in the following topics:

• Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction

  • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method by which DNA is amplified.
  • As PCR progresses, the DNA generated is itself used as a template for replication, setting in motion a chain reaction in which the DNA template is exponentially amplified.
  • PCR is used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target).
  • Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to ~10 kilo base pairs (kb), although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size.
  • DNA template that contains the DNA region (target) to be amplified

• Multiplex and Real-Time PCR

  • Multiplex and real-time PCR are molecular techniques designed to amplify nucleic acid sequences in a quantitative manner.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular technique commonly used to amplify nucleic acid sequences.
  • Real-time polymerase chain (RT-PCR) reaction, also called quantitative real-time PCR (qRt-PCR) is used to amplify and quantify targeted DNA molecules.
  • Real-time PCR can used to amplify low-abundance DNA templates.
  • Automated apparatus to amplify DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction.

• Sound Systems, Computer Memory, Seismograph, GFCI

  • That "signal" is then transmitted to an amplifier and then to a speaker.
  • The speaker is then driven by modulated electrical currents (produced by an amplifier) that pass through and magnetize (by inductance) a speaker coil of copper wire, creating a magnetic field.
  • Thus, the electrical current variations that pass through the speaker are converted to varying magnetic forces, which move the speaker diaphragm, forcing the driver to produce air motion that is similar to the original signal from the amplifier.

• Volume

  • Speakers control the production of sound either using their own voice or a microphone so that amplified sound is loud enough to be heard.
  • Higher amplitudes on the wave graph are interpreted as a higher volume, hence the name "amplifier" for a device that increases amplitude.
  • The signal may then be sent to an amplifier.
  • The electronic amplifier increases the power of a signal.
  • A loudspeaker or headset receives the input to produce the amplified sound.

• Waste comes in all shapes and sizes

  • Eta Devices, an offshoot of MIT, discovered that the power amplifi ers in most smartphones waste as much as 65% of the energy they use because, when the phone transmits data, the amplifiers jump from standby mode to a highpower output signal mode, which can cause signal distortion.
  • Apple's iPhone 5) using as many as fi ve amplifi ers, the result is a battery that needs constant charging.

• DNA Sequencing of Insertion Sites

  • However, when a target sequence has multiple genomic locations, the variously-sized DNA circles formed are difficult to amplify simultaneously.
  • Vectorette PCR (vPCR) is another method used to amplify unknown sequences flanking a characterized DNA fragment.
  • It involves cutting genomic DNAs with a restriction enzyme, ligating vectorettes to the ends, and amplifying the flanking sequences of a known sequence using primers derived from the known sequence along with a vectorette primer.

• Nucleic Acid Sequencing and rRNA Analysis

  • In addition, mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA are also amplified.
  • Unfortunately, while primers can be defined to amplify this gene from single genomes, this method is not accurate enough to estimate the diversity of microbial communities from their environments.
  • In these articles, one pair of primers (although many of them are designed, and provide different results) is used to amplify a region of the 16S rRNA gene.

• Vectors for Genomic Cloning and Sequencing

  • Transcription vectors are used to amplify their insert.
  • The vectors can be extracted from the bacteria, and the multiple cloning sites can be cut by restriction enzymes to excise the hundredfold or thousandfold amplified insert.

• Coupling Specific Genes to Specific Organisms Using PCR

  • If the gene is present, the primers will bind and amplify the DNA, giving a band of amplified DNA on the agarose gel that will be run.

• Basic Techniques to Manipulate Genetic Material (DNA and RNA)

  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA for further analysis .
  • DNA fragments can also be amplified from an RNA template in a process called reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).
  • After the cDNA is made, regular PCR can be used to amplify it.
  • Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is used to amplify a specific sequence of DNA.