apportionment

Examples of apportionment in the following topics:

• The Right to Vote

  • Later in the 18th century, the related topic of apportionment began to be studied.
  • The impetus for research into fair apportionment methods came, in fact, from the United States Constitution, which mandated that seats in the United States House of Representatives had to be allocated among the states proportionally to their population, but did not specify how to do so.
  • Some of the apportionment methods discovered in the United States were in a sense rediscovered in Europe in the 19th century, where they had served as seat allocation methods for the newly proposed system of party-list proportional representation.
  • The result is that many apportionment methods have two names: for instance, Jefferson's method is equivalent to the d'Hondt method, as is Webster's method to the Sainte Lague method, while Hamilton's method is identical to the Hare largest remainder method.

• The 16th Amendment

  • The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

• Electoral Districts

  • Apportionment is generally done on the basis of population.
  • Apportionment is the process of allocating a number of representatives to different regions, such as states or provinces.
  • Apportionment changes are often accompanied by redistricting, the redrawing of electoral district boundaries to accommodate the new number of representatives.
  • Apportionment is generally done on the basis of population.

• The House and the Senate: Differences in Responsibilities and Representation

  • The number was temporarily increased to 437 in 1959 upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii, seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment, and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census.

• Congressional Districts

  • The quantity (apportionment) and boundaries (redistricting) of districts are determined after each census, although in some cases states have changed the boundaries more than once per census.

• The Constitutional Convention

  • Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate and, thus, retaining a federal character in the constitution.
  • The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.

• The Nomination Campaign

  • Electoral college map for the 2012, 2016 and 2020 United States presidential elections, using apportionment data released by the US Census Bureau.

• What Taxes Do

  • In the United States, Congress has the power to tax as stated in The United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1: "The Congress shall have the Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States. " This power was reinforced in the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution: "The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on income, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration."

• Federal Income Tax Rates

  • Since apportionment of income taxes was impractical, this decision effectively prohibited a federal tax on income from property.

• The Politics of Slavery

  • From the very beginning, it was a topic of debate in the drafting of the Constitution, with the slave trade protected for 20 years and slaves being counted toward Congressional apportionment.