Battle of Manila

(noun)

The battle that began the Philippine-American War of 1899. 

Related Terms

Examples of Battle of Manila in the following topics:

  • The Philippine-American War

    • Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila.
    • However, some Philippine groups led by veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces.
    • Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands until their final defeat a decade later at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.
    • Finally in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the United States granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.
    • Among these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that annexation of the Philippines would lead to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United States.

  • The Spanish-American War

    • Although the main issue of the war was Cuban independence, the ten-week long battle took place in both the Caribbean and the Pacific.
    • Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila.
    • Success is credited to sheer numerical superiority in most of the battles, despite the admirable performance of some Spanish infantry units, and spirited defenses in places like San Juan Hill.
    • With two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay, and a third more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts, Madrid vied for peace.
    • Liberators of Cuba, soldiers of the 10th Cavalry after the Spanish-American War.

  • The Spanish-American War

    • It was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence.
    • Dewey caught the entire Spanish armada at anchor in Manila Bay and destroyed it without losing an American life.
    • Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila as a result of their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places such as San Juan Hill.
    • Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay.
    • The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony.

  • The United States and the World

    • The United States Navy won two decisive naval battles, destroying the Spanish Pacific Fleet at Manila in the Philippines and the Atlantic fleet at Santiago, Cuba.
    • In the Battle of San Juan Hill (actually Kettle Hill), Lt.
    • The Kingdom of Hawaii was established in 1795 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kauaʻi and Niʻihau by the chiefdom of Hawaiʻi (or the "Big Island"), ruled by the dynasty of King Kamehameha the Great.
    • Dole reviewing American troops heading to Manila in 1898
    • Dole of the Republic of Hawaii, his cabinet, and officers of the United States Army, reviewing from the steps of the former royal palace the first American troops to arrive in Honolulu, in 1898, on their way to Manila to capture the city, which Commodore Dewey held at bay with the guns of his fleets.

  • Events of the War

    • Although he won the bloody Battle of Prague and laid siege to the city, he lost the Battle of Kolin, which forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.
    • Though the British later lost the Battle of Sainte-Foy west of Quebec (1760), the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris (1763).
    • They lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured, additionally to territories in Africa and North America, the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities.
    • In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.
    • Frederick the Great routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on December 5, 1757.

  • Converging Military Fronts

    • Germany responded by disarming Italian forces, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines.
    • From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition, while awaiting Allied relief.
    • On 6 June, 1944, known as D-Day, the Allies invaded northern France, leading to the defeat of the German Army units and the liberation of Paris on 25 August .
    • In the Philippines, American forces defeated the Japanese in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and soon after scored another large victory during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, one of the largest naval battles in history .
    • In the Pacific, American forces advanced in the Philippines and captured Manila.

  • Fall of the Ming Dynasty

    • Meanwhile, Philip IV of Spain (r. 1621–1665) began cracking down on illegal smuggling of silver from Mexico and Peru across the Pacific towards China, in favor of shipping American-mined silver directly from Spain to Manila.
    • In 1639, the new Tokugawa regime of Japan shut down most of its foreign trade with European powers, causing a halt of yet another source of silver coming into China.
    • Li Zicheng was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Wu Sangui and the Manchu Prince Dorgon.
    • However, the Kingdom of Tungning was defeated in the Battle of Penghu by Han Chinese admiral Shi Lang, who had also served under the Ming.
    • A drawing of the mountainous battlegrounds of the decisive Battle of Shanhai Pass.

  • Commander-in-Chief

    • According to Article II, Section 2, Clause I of the Constitution, the President of the United States is commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
    • Since 1949, the Secretary of Defense, a civil officer appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, is by statute second in command over those armed forces which are part of the Department of Defense: the Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Marine Corps.
    • The operational branch of the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense, and from the Secretary of Defense down to the combatant commanders of the unified combatant commands.
    • The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the U.S. chief of defense equivalent, may assist the President and Secretary of Defense in the exercise of their command functions, but the Chairman himself does not independently exercise command over any combatant forces.
    • McClernand after the Battle of Antietam, 1862.

  • Territorial Losses

    • Sensing the vulnerability of Maria Theresa's position, King Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded the Austrian province of Silesia in hopes of annexing it permanently.
    • Renewing the cycle of conflicts typical of Louis XIV's reign, the king entered the war in 1741 on the side of Prussia in hopes of pursuing its own anti-Austrian foreign policy goals.
    • Against an army composed of British, Dutch, and Austrian forces the French were able to savor a series of major victories at the Battles of Fontenoy (1745), Rocoux (1746), and Lauffeld (1747).
    • During the war, Great Britain had conquered the French colonies of Canada, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago, the French trading posts in India, the slave-trading station at Gorée, the Sénégal River and its settlements, and the Spanish colonies of Manila in the Philippines and Havana in Cuba.
    • Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain, and Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian trading posts to France.

  • Spanish Exploration

    • The object of the third voyage was to verify the existence of a continent that King John II of Portugal claimed was located to the southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.
    • Of equal importance was the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
    • After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under Francisco Pizarro and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca.
    • In 1565, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines was founded by Miguel López de Legazpi and the service of Manila Galleons was inaugurated.
    • The Spanish trading post of Manila was established to facilitate this trade in 1572.