Crusader states

Examples of Crusader states in the following topics:

• The Fourth Crusade

  • As a result of the First Crusade, four primary Crusader states were created: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli.
  • Under the papacies of Calixtus II, Honorius II, Eugenius III, and Innocent II, smaller-scale crusading continued around the Crusader states in the early 12th century.
  • In 1187 Saladin united the enemies of the Crusader states, was victorious at the Battle of Hattin, and retook Jerusalem.
  • After the failure of the Fourth Crusade to hold Constantinople or reach Jerusalem, Innocent III launched the first crusade against heretics, the Albigensian Crusade, against the Cathars in France and the County of Toulouse.
  • The mainland Crusader states were extinguished with the fall of Tripoli in 1289 and the fall of Acre in 1291.

• Crisis and Fragmentation

  • The recent anti-Latin resentment in the Empire led to the Crusader states losing their protection from Byzantium.
  • However, whilst the Crusader states should not and did not rely on Byzantium for protection, the Byzantines certainly did in that it kept the aggressive expansionism of Islam in check.
  • The crusaders parceled out Byzantine lands among themselves.
  • Several members of the Komnenian royal family had been away from the capital at the time of the sack, and they declared their own successor states.
  • Each emperor of these states declared himself to be the rightful Byzantine emperor.

• The Third Crusade

  • The Egyptian and Syrian forces were ultimately unified under Saladin, who employed them to reduce the Christian states and recapture Jerusalem in 1187.
  • The successes of the Third Crusade allowed the Crusaders to maintain considerable states in Cyprus and on the Syrian coast.
  • Without a unified front opposing them, the Christian troops were able to conquer Jerusalem, as well as the other Crusader states.
  • Though Richard's victories had deprived the Muslims of important coastal territories and re-established a viable Frankish state in Palestine, many Christians in the Latin West felt disappointed that Richard had elected not to pursue the recapture of Jerusalem.
  • In addition, unlike the First Crusade, in the Second and Third Crusades kings led Crusaders into battle.

• The Second Crusade

  • The Second Crusade (1147–1149) was the second major crusade launched against Islam by Catholic Europe, started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa founded in the First Crusade; it was largely a failure for the Europeans.
  • The Second Crusade (1147–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe as a Catholic holy war against Islam.
  • While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.
  • The Crusade in the east was a failure for the Crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims.
  • The only Christian success of the Second Crusade came to a combined force of 13,000 Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and German Crusaders in 1147.

• The First Crusade

  • The First Crusade (1095–1099), called for by Pope Urban II, was the first of a number of crusades intended to recapture the Holy Lands.
  • They also established the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.
  • At the end of June, the Crusaders marched on through Anatolia.
  • The Crusaders resolved to take the city by assault.
  • An illustration showing the defeat of the People's Crusade by the Turks.

• Italian Trade Cities

  • Italian city-states trading during the late Middle Ages set the stage for the Renaissance by moving resources, culture and knowledge from the East.
  • The Crusades had built lasting trade links to the Levant, and the Fourth Crusade had done much to destroy the Byzantine Roman Empire as a commercial rival to the Venetians and Genoese.
  • Moreover, the inland city-states profited from the rich agricultural land of the Po valley.
  • The recovery of lost Greek texts, which had been preserved by Arab scholars, following the Crusader conquest of the Byzantine heartlands, revitalized medieval philosophy in the Renaissance of the 12th century.
  • Show how Northern Italy, and the wealthy city states within it, became such huge European powers

• The Crusades

  • A few crusades, such as the Fourth Crusade, were waged within Christendom against groups that were considered heretical and schismatic.
  • The origin of the Crusades in general, and particularly of the First Crusade, is widely debated among historians.
  • Tolerance, trade, and political relationships between the Arabs and the Christian states of Europe waxed and waned.
  • Historians have argued that the desire to impose Roman church authority in the east may have been one of the goals of the Crusades, although Urban II, who launched the First Crusade, never refers to such a goal in his letters on crusading.
  • Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, where he gave speeches in favor of a Crusade.

• The Romanesque Period

  • Romanesque art was affected by shifting political powers following the Carolingian period, and the mobility of peoples during the Crusades.
  • Charlemagne's political successors continued to rule much of Europe, leading over time to the gradual emergence of the separate political states that were eventually welded into nations, either by allegiance or defeat.
  • The domed churches of Constantinople and Eastern Europe were to greatly affect the architecture of certain towns, particularly through trade and through the Crusades.
  • The result of this was that they could be called upon, not only for local spats, but to follow their lord to travel across Europe to the Crusades.
  • The Crusades, 1095–1270, brought about a very large movement of people, and with them ideas and trade skills, particularly those involved in the building of fortifications and the metal working needed for the provision of arms, which was also applied to the fitting and decoration of buildings .

• Timeline

  • 380 CE: Theodosius I declares Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.
  • 1204: Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade sack the Christian Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.
  • 1789 - 1799: The Dechristianisation of France during the Revolution: the state confiscates Church properties, bans monastic vows with the passage of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, removes the Church from the Roman Pope and subordinates it as a department of the Government, replaces the traditional Gregorian Calendar, and abolishes Christian holidays.
  • 1791: Freedom of religion, enshrined in the Bill of Rights, is amended into the Constitution of the United States, forming an early and influential secular government.

• Progressivism and Religion

  • Across the nation drys crusaded in the name of religion for the prohibition of alcohol.
  • The Woman's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against liquor, pornography and prostitution, and sparked the demand for woman suffrage.
  • The Social Gospel movement was the Protestant Christian intellectual movement most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada.
  • By 1920 they were crusading against the 12-hour day for workers at U.S.
  • While the Social Gospel was short-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of most of the mainline denominations in the United States.