diplomatic revolution

Examples of diplomatic revolution in the following topics:

• The Diplomatic Revolution

  • The diplomatic revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, when Austria went from an ally of Britain to an ally of France, and Prussia became an ally of Britain.
  • The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution” or the “reversal of alliances.”
  • The diplomatic change was triggered by a separation of interests between Austria, Britain, and France.
  • The fragile peace eventually resulted in the diplomatic revolution and collapsed when the Seven Years' War began only eight years after the treaty was signed.
  • Recall the parties involved in the Diplomatic Revolution and what changed between them as a result of this event

• The Iranian Crisis

  • The Iranian hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States in which 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days.
  • In February of 1979, the shah was overthrown when revolution broke out, and a few months later, he departed for the United States for medical treatment.
  • In Iran, the taking of hostages was widely seen as an act of resistance against U.S. influence in Iran, its attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its longstanding support of Shah Pahlavi of Iran, recently overthrown by the revolution.
  • In the United States, the hostage situation was seen as an outrage that violated international law granting diplomats immunity from arrest and diplomatic compounds' inviolability.

• International Diplomacy

  • Europe in the 1860s was more fragmented than it had been since before the American Revolution.
  • Navy's boarding of a British mail steamer to seize two Confederate diplomats.
  • During the four years of its existence, the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad.
  • Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the United States, but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy.
  • Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris.

• Diplomatic Consequences of the Congress of Vienna

• Diplomatic Goals at the Paris Peace Conference

• The XYZ Affair

  • In the wake of the French Revolution relations between the new French Republic and the United States became ever more strained.
  • The French navy began to seize American merchant ships, and the French government refused to receive the American diplomat Charles Pinckney when he arrived in Paris in 1796.
  • When Adams sent a three-man delegation, Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, to Paris to negotiate a peace agreement with France, French agents demanded major concessions from the United States as a condition for continuing diplomatic relations.

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man

  • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (August 1791) is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.
  • The inspiration and content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution.
  • Declaration of Independence—was at the time in France as a U.S. diplomat and worked closely with Lafayette on designing a bill of rights for France.
  • Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution and the question of women’s rights emerged as particularly prominent.
  • Inspired by the American Revolution and also by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.

• NATO and the Militarization and Interventions Abroad

  • The United States maintained consular relations with the Papal States from 1797 to 1870 and diplomatic relations with the Pope, in his capacity as head of the Papal States, from 1848 to 1868, though not at the ambassadorial level.
  • The United States and the Holy See announced the establishment of diplomatic relations on January 10, 1984.
  • When the Iran–Iraq War broke out following the Iranian Islamic revolution of 1979, the United States initially remained neutral in the conflict.
  • In opposition to the condemnations issued by the US Congress and public demands for diplomatic or economic sanctions, Reagan made relatively minor criticisms of the regime, which was otherwise internationally isolated, and the US granted recognition to the government.

• Harassment by Britain

  • Although Britain practiced impressment before, during, and after the American Revolution, it most significantly affected the course of American history in the first decades of the republic.
  • Jay's Treaty, which went into effect in 1795, addressed many issues left unresolved after the American Revolution and helped avert a renewed conflict.
  • President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread attention to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter.
  • The festering crisis of impressment and the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair contributed to the eventual outbreak of the War of 1812 and triggered serious diplomatic tensions that helped turn American public opinion against Britain.

• Diplomacy

  • International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians .
  • This was not always the case, with the U.S. maintaining official diplomatic ties with the ROC.
  • The Palestinian National Authority has its own diplomatic service.
  • However, Palestinian representatives in most Western countries are not accorded diplomatic immunity.
  • Explain how diplomatic recognition and informal diplomacy are tools of foreign policy