Flour War

Examples of Flour War in the following topics:

• Marriage to Marie-Antoinette

  • Following the Seven Years' War and the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, Empress Maria Theresa decided to end hostilities with her longtime enemy, King Louis XV of France.
  • France's alliance with Austria had pulled the country into the disastrous Seven Years' War, in which it was defeated by the British, both in Europe and in North America.
  • Marie Antoinette's first child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, was born in 1778 but in the middle of the queen's pregnancy, her brother made claims on the throne of Bavaria (the War of the Bavarian Succession).
  • The two helped George Washington in defeating the British in the American Revolutionary War, which ended in 1783.
  • By the time of the Flour War of 1775, a series of riots against the high price of flour and bread, her reputation among the general public was damaged.

• The New Royals and Their People

  • The alliance with Austria had pulled France into the disastrous Seven Years' War, in which it was defeated by the British, both in Europe and in North America.
  • By the time of the Flour War of 1775, a series of riots against the high price of flour and bread, her reputation among the general public was damaged.
  • In 1778, her brother and the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II made claims on the throne of Bavaria (the War of the Bavarian Succession).
  • During the Kettle War, in which her brother Joseph attempted to open the Scheldt River for naval passage, Marie Antoinette succeeded in obtaining a huge financial compensation to Austria.
  • France's financial problems were the result of a combination of factors: expensive wars; a large royal family whose expenditures were paid for by the state; and the unwillingness of the privileged classes to help defray the costs of the government out of their own pockets by relinquishing some of their financial privileges.

• Efforts at Financial Reform

  • While the later years of Louis XV's reign saw serious economic setbacks and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) led to an increase in the royal debt and the loss of nearly all of France's North American possessions, it was not until 1775 that the French economy began truly to enter a state of crisis.
  • He suppressed, however, a number of octrois (a local tax collected on various articles brought into a district for consumption) and minor duties and opposed, on grounds of economy, the participation of France in the American Revolutionary War, although without success.
  • The so-called Flour War of 1775, or a series of riots against the high price of flour and bread, followed.
  • When Necker was criticized by his enemies for the Compte rendu, he made public his 'Financial Summary for the King', which appeared to show that France had fought the war in America, paid no new taxes and still had a massive credit of 10 million livres of revenue.

• The Revolutionary Army at Valley Forge

  • Meat and bread were also in short supply, and soldiers often supplemented or replaced meals with items such as “firecakes” (a tasteless mixture of water and flour) or “pepper pot soup” (a black pepper flavored tripe broth).
  • Although Washington repeatedly petitioned for relief, the Continental Congress was unable to provide supplemental supplies due to their inability to efficiently coordinate funding and war support from among the 13 states.
  • These women gained half the rations and wages of a soldier, as well as a half pension after the war.
  • On February 6, 1778, the French signed an alliance treaty with the 13 colonies, which greatly enhanced the military and monetary support the Continental Army needed to continue the war effort.
  • Following France’s entry into the war, British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton was ordered to leave Philadelphia and move to New York City, which was under threat by the French navy.

• American Technology

  • In the 1780s, Oliver Evans improved upon traditional gristmills by developing an automated flour mill, which allowed for efficient bulk processing of flour.
  • Evans' system for handling bulk material became widely used in flour mills and breweries during the 19th century and is among the innovations credited with the development of the assembly line.

• The Berlin Blockade

  • In June 1948 Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade, one of the first major crises of the Cold War, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin and the United States and several other countries responded with the massive "Berlin airlift," supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions.
  • The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War.
  • During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
  • The Soviets had an advantage in conventional military forces, but were preoccupied with rebuilding their war-torn economy and society.
  • Neither side wanted a war; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift.

• The Factory System

  • In the 1780s, Oliver Evans developed an automated flour mill which relied on pulleys, elevators, and conveyor belts, improving upon traditional gristmills.
  • Evans' automated flour mill featured labor-saving elevators, pulleys and belts, an improvement on traditional gristmills.

• The Growth of Cities

  • Philadelphia's maritime trade was interrupted by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812.
  • After the war, Philadelphia's shipping industry never returned to its pre-embargo status, and New York City succeeded it as the busiest port and largest city.
  • Thanks to the milling technology of Oliver Evans, Baltimore dominated the American flour trade after 1800.
  • Despite the displacement of the black labor force with the arrival of German and Irish immigrants, and increasing poverty in the black community, Baltimore had the largest number of free blacks in the nation on the eve of the Civil War.

• Tension with the USSR

  • Although leaderless when it first began, it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II and broke into Central and Eastern Europe.
  • After World War II, the Soviet Army occupied Hungary, with the country coming under the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.
  • Mismanagement created chronic shortages in basic foodstuffs, which resulted in rationing of bread, sugar, flour, and meat.

• Product categories

  • Examples in B2B include: buildings, flour purchased by a commercial baker, crude oil, steel for automobile manufacture, insurance policies for company buildings, and business consulting services.